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all right let's begin with uh with that

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let's go from uh that to mike foale

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who's looking longingly kind of wishing

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he was up there i think uh mike why

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don't you why don't you talk a little

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bit about um

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some of the specifics of how you could

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envision uh the space station being

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utilized in the future well uh miles i'm

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gonna you gave me 10 minutes and i i

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just want to make sure that people

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know a little bit

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of the context i'm an active astronaut

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and have to be careful what i commit my

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colleagues to or not doing and when i i

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talk here behind this panel

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i uh my mother's just for those of you

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who don't know me my british accents uh

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it's all right i'm an authenticated

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my first flight uh actually

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i've flown five times on the space

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shuttle

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one time on a sawyer's rocket

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on the times i flew in the shuttle the

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first two flights were scientific

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missions uh independent of a space

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station observing the earth from space

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it was the atlas one and that was two

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series of missions on sts 45 and 56

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happened to be with charlie bolden

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my commander my first commander he was a

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wonderful commander

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now

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i want to make that point seriously he

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told me to get a will and none of us had

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wills

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of the new guys

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we are dealing with a risky business and

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i thank him for the advice

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that said i flew five times on the space

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shuttle and then one more time on a

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soyuz rocket

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those science missions were important

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but of course we were even then looking

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in 1997 i had a great adventure which

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was to be launched to the mir space

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station and i was launched on a space

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shuttle that took me in a model which we

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were going to use i think a lot today

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which was the taxi model

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that is there were seven crew members

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and i was the seventh and i was

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delivered to a space station and then

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the space shuttle left sts-84 left and

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left me on

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the space station mir

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not without a ride home i should add but

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at least

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my

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planned time home was dependent on the

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next ride coming up

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on the mirror uh i did some science but

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it was interrupted by a series of um

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unfortunate events on the uh mere

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stations and it was probably the lowest

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point in the russian space program that

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i've had any experience with since then

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when it when a cargo ship collided with

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the mirror station since then the

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russians have been extraordinarily

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reliable partners and we as a result of

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that collision i think paid a lot more

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attention to what russia was doing in

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its program

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and so today

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they do represent

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the united states method for getting

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astronauts to the international space

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station in a model which i would call

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the rental car model whereby the

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astronauts that are going astronauts and

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cosmos that are going to the space

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station are on the vehicle that they

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would come home in

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when i went to the international space

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station as the commander in uh

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2003 2004 i went

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uh

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with only six months of training on that

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soyuz vehicle

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because up to that point i had intended

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to go

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on the space shuttle and we had colombia

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columbia occurred and we were rapidly re

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directed um all of us

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to recover from that accident and my

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part in it was to

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sustain space station operations

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post columbia on the international space

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station with one other crew member one

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other person

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um alexander cleary i have a general

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theme here which is the more people on

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the space station the more i think we

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will get out of it i think interaction

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in general with a fairly large number of

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people on the station is quite realistic

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if there are psychologists here saying

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there's a problem

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um in general i i've always had the most

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positive experiences of the larger crews

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and with two people it was rather hard

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on the space station

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at that time in

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2004 we had one visiting vehicle

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that was a progress that came it came

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around about christmas

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this year

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about 20 vehicles are going to visit the

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international space station

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so when he says 500 people in a week we

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have a serious parking problem i mean

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their traffic model does need to

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increase and it's critical

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that that traffic module of once every

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six months that the astronaut office

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thinks of is thrown away

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we need to have

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a much more frequent traffic model going

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to the international space station i

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think there are lots of ways

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there's lots of reasons why that could

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the other thing about

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my most recent experience

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was that

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with the columbia down

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with the shuttle system down

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the united states had this incredible

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investment in space extraordinary amount

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of money

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and yet we didn't have access to it

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without reverting to or resorting to a

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parallel path to low earth orbit which

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was

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the russians

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and that parallel path is key to i think

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the direction that we're hearing today

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in the

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president's proposal to enable

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commercial space flight to low earth

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orbit

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we need a redundant and parallel path as

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a nation to get to our investment in

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space that would be true even if we were

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trying to go to the moon and even if we

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were trying to go beyond the moon to

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mars or to for example an l1 propellant

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depot either way you need if you're

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going to put a lot of money into an

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object in space that you need to get to

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you need to have two ways to get there

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at least

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that said with a strong russian partner

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and a u.s national launch system

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we meet the requirements i believe of

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parallel path to get to our investment

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but when the space shuttle goes is

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retired we are now ex

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we're in a difficult position and the

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russians are in a difficult position

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they are the only path to the

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international space station and they

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won't be as happy with that situation

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really as we are

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any happier i mean

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so the the point i'm making here is it's

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very important that the commercial crew

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efforts to get

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astronauts to space station happen soon

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and i i have had the privilege to take

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part in assessing

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the nasa commercial needs for getting

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crew to

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to space station and to low earth orbit

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and my mantra in all of those

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assessments was soon the sooner you can

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achieve this the better

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this commercial effort also will fail

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in my mind if it only produces one

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provider of launch services there needs

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to be more than one provider of launch

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services for the united states to low

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earth orbit if it's really a success

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because then it does make the united

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states independent of

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another nation's capability

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or you invite more nations into the

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international space station and your

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projects to make those parallel paths so

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there's two ways to do it for the united

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states one is to create more than one

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provider in the u.s or have more

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partners international partners

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uh

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science on the station i have had i

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really enjoy science i'm a physicist

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astrophysicist

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i did a set of experiments on the space

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station that i found very interesting

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about 72 experiments were taking place

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while i was there

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only about three or four of them really

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involved me directly

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two of us were on the station and i was

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spending about a quarter of my time at

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the most doing science on the space

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station today with a six-person crew a

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much larger fraction i think is spent of

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the total crew time on science and

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should be spent on science but then

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we were sustaining station operations

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and we need

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we needed uh

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we needed experiments but we didn't have

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any way to launch them

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and i think in the end

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the eight kilometers a second that you

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need to get into low earth orbit

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is the key

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and is the barrier and is the problem to

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all of the things that we're addressing

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today and this shift to commercial crew

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is all about getting that eight

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kilometers a second for your payloads

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for your experiments for all the for the

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ticket buyers

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for the propellant depot in l1 it's all

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about

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overcoming that eight kilometer per

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second

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energy problem which is how much energy

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you need to get a person into space

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or a kilogram into space

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um i think it's fantastic that the iss

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is going to go to 2020. uh

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the iss is going to be used for i'm

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going to just roll them off robotics is

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one thing which the iss is developing

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but it's often missed out when we line

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up the technologies that are being

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discussed and the experiments being done

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robotics actually the assembly of the

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united of the us segment of the

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international

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space station is extraordinary when you

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think about it using the canadian

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robotic arm there's also the canadian

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dexter the flying manipulate and there's

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also a japanese arm but robotics in

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general is a

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turns out to be a really enabling thing

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on the international space station in

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its construction but i think if it goes

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further towards propellant transfer into

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the enabling of propellant depots beyond

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low earth orbit

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if that's if that turns out to be a good

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way to go beyond the earth orbit there

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may be some cool propellant solutions

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out there that don't need that but the

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way i see it is we will need propellant

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depot

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i want to

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i'm going to talk about what i'd like to

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see in space now

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i think the greatest thing that's been

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done by the international space station

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is the partnership with the with

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internationals

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uh

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and i think

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all kinds of they're all yes there's

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bureaucracy yes there's uh difficulty in

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language and interaction but it's an

285
00:10:19,350 --> 00:10:17,120
international partnership ends up being

286
00:10:20,870 --> 00:10:19,360
the most sustainable program for a

287
00:10:22,949 --> 00:10:20,880
nation

288
00:10:24,550 --> 00:10:22,959
would it be easy to cancel constellation

289
00:10:26,470 --> 00:10:24,560
if it was international

290
00:10:28,150 --> 00:10:26,480
i don't believe so

291
00:10:30,230 --> 00:10:28,160
the space station has been right on one

292
00:10:32,790 --> 00:10:30,240
vote for cancellation but international

293
00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:32,800
helped sustain it and in the end

294
00:10:36,230 --> 00:10:34,640
international helped us get over the

295
00:10:37,990 --> 00:10:36,240
period when we lost our national launch

296
00:10:39,750 --> 00:10:38,000
capability

297
00:10:41,590 --> 00:10:39,760
so i think international partnerships

298
00:10:43,350 --> 00:10:41,600
should be continued and developed for

299
00:10:46,949 --> 00:10:43,360
the international space station in its

300
00:10:48,710 --> 00:10:46,959
development in in increasing access

301
00:10:50,310 --> 00:10:48,720
um parallel redundant access i've

302
00:10:52,069 --> 00:10:50,320
mentioned

303
00:10:53,670 --> 00:10:52,079
i think more people

304
00:10:54,870 --> 00:10:53,680
um should be sent to the station let me

305
00:10:56,389 --> 00:10:54,880
give you an idea from an astronaut's

306
00:10:57,829 --> 00:10:56,399
point of view

307
00:10:59,269 --> 00:10:57,839
my astronaut colleagues say well how

308
00:11:00,630 --> 00:10:59,279
will i fly to the station if you know

309
00:11:02,310 --> 00:11:00,640
we're going once every six months

310
00:11:03,829 --> 00:11:02,320
there's only three persons

311
00:11:05,750 --> 00:11:03,839
uh possibly you know four to four

312
00:11:07,750 --> 00:11:05,760
persons per year out of the action

313
00:11:10,310 --> 00:11:07,760
office there's no career

314
00:11:11,509 --> 00:11:10,320
not true if you go right back to what we

315
00:11:13,990 --> 00:11:11,519
thought we should do the station which

316
00:11:16,790 --> 00:11:14,000
is launch every three months or indeed

317
00:11:18,630 --> 00:11:16,800
we launched a taxi model which could be

318
00:11:20,310 --> 00:11:18,640
carrying not just three people or four

319
00:11:21,590 --> 00:11:20,320
people to the station but seven people

320
00:11:23,269 --> 00:11:21,600
to the station

321
00:11:24,790 --> 00:11:23,279
and the other three or four seats are

322
00:11:27,430 --> 00:11:24,800
occupied by people who are coming to set

323
00:11:28,870 --> 00:11:27,440
up their experiments tear them down they

324
00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:28,880
come to visit for as long as that

325
00:11:33,350 --> 00:11:31,600
vehicle wants to stay at the station

326
00:11:35,910 --> 00:11:33,360
if it happens to be the lifeboat it will

327
00:11:37,829 --> 00:11:35,920
stay if it if there's a lifeboat already

328
00:11:39,910 --> 00:11:37,839
at the station for assured return then

329
00:11:42,949 --> 00:11:39,920
the taxi can return

330
00:11:44,949 --> 00:11:42,959
and be used again for another flight

331
00:11:46,630 --> 00:11:44,959
and increase the traffic model of the

332
00:11:48,150 --> 00:11:46,640
provider so that their business case is

333
00:11:49,829 --> 00:11:48,160
better

334
00:11:50,870 --> 00:11:49,839
so i think the key to the station is

335
00:11:53,269 --> 00:11:50,880
getting more

336
00:11:55,030 --> 00:11:53,279
and and the type it could be and i i'll

337
00:11:56,790 --> 00:11:55,040
talk about national lab i think national

338
00:11:58,710 --> 00:11:56,800
institutes of health i think darpa could

339
00:12:00,230 --> 00:11:58,720
have its own section

340
00:12:01,829 --> 00:12:00,240
there are reasons why you can't do

341
00:12:03,910 --> 00:12:01,839
military

342
00:12:05,030 --> 00:12:03,920
and defense oriented

343
00:12:06,310 --> 00:12:05,040
projects on the international space

344
00:12:08,150 --> 00:12:06,320
station because it's an international

345
00:12:09,750 --> 00:12:08,160
space station but there's no reason why

346
00:12:11,350 --> 00:12:09,760
and we do do

347
00:12:12,790 --> 00:12:11,360
commercial

348
00:12:14,470 --> 00:12:12,800
proprietary

349
00:12:16,069 --> 00:12:14,480
experiments and activities on the space

350
00:12:17,590 --> 00:12:16,079
station and we've already taken part of

351
00:12:19,269 --> 00:12:17,600
that and some of those products are

352
00:12:22,069 --> 00:12:19,279
already in the market in terms of

353
00:12:25,509 --> 00:12:22,079
protein crystal growth and other samples

354
00:12:27,190 --> 00:12:25,519
so i think uh data protection i think

355
00:12:28,949 --> 00:12:27,200
commercial and proprietary operations on

356
00:12:31,269 --> 00:12:28,959
the station are all things that that in

357
00:12:33,509 --> 00:12:31,279
the future and could be done with a

358
00:12:34,870 --> 00:12:33,519
larger seat seat and load factor to the

359
00:12:36,550 --> 00:12:34,880
station than we have currently on the

360
00:12:39,590 --> 00:12:36,560
soyuz

361
00:12:41,829 --> 00:12:39,600
is the only vehicle that carries people

362
00:12:43,350 --> 00:12:41,839
to the station to live there the shuttle

363
00:12:44,470 --> 00:12:43,360
visits but it doesn't leave anybody

364
00:12:45,509 --> 00:12:44,480
there anymore

365
00:12:47,990 --> 00:12:45,519
uh we had

366
00:12:50,629 --> 00:12:48,000
the last one was i think uh nicole start

367
00:12:54,790 --> 00:12:52,710
and finally i'd like to say uh

368
00:12:56,389 --> 00:12:54,800
i don't think space station should ever

369
00:13:00,710 --> 00:12:56,399
be deorbited

370
00:13:01,829 --> 00:13:00,720
um and and that's not just a whim

371
00:13:03,750 --> 00:13:01,839
if

372
00:13:06,790 --> 00:13:03,760
franklin shang diaz is an astronaut who

373
00:13:09,910 --> 00:13:06,800
i know well um

374
00:13:12,150 --> 00:13:09,920
who is a visionary he he was a fusion

375
00:13:13,990 --> 00:13:12,160
physicist originally but has taken his

376
00:13:15,430 --> 00:13:14,000
skills he's from mit

377
00:13:17,910 --> 00:13:15,440
um

378
00:13:18,949 --> 00:13:17,920
to develop a plasma rocket and then and

379
00:13:21,670 --> 00:13:18,959
there are other ways to get what's

380
00:13:23,829 --> 00:13:21,680
called high isp thrust out of an engine

381
00:13:25,509 --> 00:13:23,839
but he has a system and it's a it's a

382
00:13:28,470 --> 00:13:25,519
fairly well developed

383
00:13:30,870 --> 00:13:28,480
engine that produces very low thrust but

384
00:13:32,949 --> 00:13:30,880
for a very very very long duration at a

385
00:13:35,350 --> 00:13:32,959
very very very high efficiency and it

386
00:13:37,590 --> 00:13:35,360
needs electrical power and i believe

387
00:13:39,030 --> 00:13:37,600
there's a technology program to put

388
00:13:40,150 --> 00:13:39,040
as one of the new technology programs to

389
00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:40,160
put that on the international space

390
00:13:44,150 --> 00:13:42,000
station that sort of system can get you

391
00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:44,160
to mars in about four to six weeks i did

392
00:13:49,110 --> 00:13:45,680
the original calculations for franklin

393
00:13:50,949 --> 00:13:49,120
back in the late 80s and 90s early 90s

394
00:13:52,310 --> 00:13:50,959
that system can get you to mars in four

395
00:13:54,389 --> 00:13:52,320
to six weeks

396
00:13:56,470 --> 00:13:54,399
spiraling out accelerating continuously

397
00:13:59,910 --> 00:13:56,480
and then halfway still spiraling

398
00:14:01,670 --> 00:13:59,920
decelerating it gets you into mars

399
00:14:03,509 --> 00:14:01,680
that's how you stop

400
00:14:05,350 --> 00:14:03,519
the damage of radiation for example in

401
00:14:06,949 --> 00:14:05,360
between and out of the earth's

402
00:14:09,030 --> 00:14:06,959
magnetosphere

403
00:14:10,870 --> 00:14:09,040
between earth and mars so if you get

404
00:14:12,550 --> 00:14:10,880
short travel times to mars short travel

405
00:14:14,550 --> 00:14:12,560
times to asteroids now you can hide

406
00:14:16,389 --> 00:14:14,560
behind your celestial body from the sun

407
00:14:17,910 --> 00:14:16,399
from a solar storm now you can hide from

408
00:14:19,590 --> 00:14:17,920
the galactic cosmic rays if you have

409
00:14:21,430 --> 00:14:19,600
materials at hand

410
00:14:23,030 --> 00:14:21,440
and so the key there is

411
00:14:24,710 --> 00:14:23,040
the space station needs to be used for

412
00:14:26,790 --> 00:14:24,720
propulsion and

413
00:14:29,750 --> 00:14:26,800
out of low earth orbit

414
00:14:33,110 --> 00:14:29,760
exploration development

415
00:14:35,189 --> 00:14:33,120
those uh uh so that same engine

416
00:14:36,550 --> 00:14:35,199
could be used to boost the station

417
00:14:38,550 --> 00:14:36,560
and it's part of the of the

418
00:14:41,670 --> 00:14:38,560
demonstration of showing

419
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:41,680
that uh the vasometer as he calls it um

420
00:14:45,750 --> 00:14:43,360
works on the international space station

421
00:14:48,230 --> 00:14:45,760
in the next two or three years it should

422
00:14:50,629 --> 00:14:48,240
be and could be and be planned to lift

423
00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:50,639
the station eventually out of the low

424
00:14:54,230 --> 00:14:52,480
earth orbit that it's in now when we

425
00:14:55,910 --> 00:14:54,240
have decided that our vehicles no longer

426
00:14:57,269 --> 00:14:55,920
need to well for whatever reason we can

427
00:14:59,110 --> 00:14:57,279
get it higher so that it won't have to

428
00:15:01,110 --> 00:14:59,120
be disposed of

429
00:15:03,430 --> 00:15:01,120
it could one day be the the tourist side

430
00:15:05,509 --> 00:15:03,440
trip or the special government side trip

431
00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:05,519
on the way to an l1

432
00:15:10,470 --> 00:15:07,360
uh propellant tank farm

433
00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:10,480
between the earth and the moon

434
00:15:14,150 --> 00:15:12,480
i can obviously go on a long time but

435
00:15:15,670 --> 00:15:14,160
i've left the key

436
00:15:17,990 --> 00:15:15,680
we could talk about later on is how

437
00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:18,000
would be how would propellant depots

438
00:15:21,110 --> 00:15:20,240
meet the needs or so provide the market

439
00:15:22,550 --> 00:15:21,120
for

440
00:15:24,230 --> 00:15:22,560
uh commercial

441
00:15:26,230 --> 00:15:24,240
launch providers

442
00:15:27,910 --> 00:15:26,240
all right excellent mike there's lots of

443
00:15:29,590 --> 00:15:27,920
things to follow up on there including

444
00:15:31,829 --> 00:15:29,600
i'm curious about the power needs for

445
00:15:33,670 --> 00:15:31,839
something like uh about 1.5 megawatts

446
00:15:34,550 --> 00:15:33,680
was the for a vehicle about the size of

447
00:15:39,430 --> 00:15:34,560
the

448
00:15:41,110 --> 00:15:39,440
so probably something nuclear to make

449
00:15:42,870 --> 00:15:41,120
that doesn't have to be solar dynamic

450
00:15:45,829 --> 00:15:42,880
power was a solar collector that we were

451
00:15:46,790 --> 00:15:45,839
planning to launch on sts-86 to the mir

452
00:15:48,230 --> 00:15:46,800
station

453
00:15:49,590 --> 00:15:48,240
um i

454
00:15:52,389 --> 00:15:49,600
can't i think it was because of the

455
00:15:54,310 --> 00:15:52,399
space station freedom morphed into

456
00:15:56,790 --> 00:15:54,320
iss and about that time we changed the

457
00:15:58,069 --> 00:15:56,800
power plan from solar arrays to from

458
00:15:59,829 --> 00:15:58,079
from

459
00:16:01,590 --> 00:15:59,839
solar dynamic

460
00:16:03,110 --> 00:16:01,600
parabolic solar collectors which are

461
00:16:05,590 --> 00:16:03,120
much more efficient but the technology

462
00:16:07,670 --> 00:16:05,600
was still a lower readiness level and we

463
00:16:10,310 --> 00:16:07,680
shifted to a better known one which was

464
00:16:13,269 --> 00:16:10,320
the solar parade that was really why we

465
00:16:15,189 --> 00:16:13,279
dropped that mission to mir but

466
00:16:17,189 --> 00:16:15,199
that same sort of system could be

467
00:16:19,430 --> 00:16:17,199
renovated in fact it's highly topical

468
00:16:21,189 --> 00:16:19,440
and relevant today given the

469
00:16:22,949 --> 00:16:21,199
approach to solar energy

470
00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:22,959
all right let's move it to tom pickens

471
00:16:26,949 --> 00:16:25,440
there's an old expression in aviation i

472
00:16:28,790 --> 00:16:26,959
suppose it applies to space that if you

473
00:16:31,110 --> 00:16:28,800
want to make a small fortune start with

474
00:16:32,389 --> 00:16:31,120
a large one so uh he's proving that's

475
00:16:33,910 --> 00:16:32,399
wrong tomm why don't you tell us a

476
00:16:36,150 --> 00:16:33,920
little bit about what you're up to um

477
00:16:37,749 --> 00:16:36,160
let me go back to when i started to get

478
00:16:39,990 --> 00:16:37,759
involved in

479
00:16:42,870 --> 00:16:40,000
with space have which has now been

480
00:16:44,870 --> 00:16:42,880
renamed as to astrotech was i took over

481
00:16:48,870 --> 00:16:44,880
as ceo in

482
00:16:49,749 --> 00:16:48,880
in 2007 january of 2007

483
00:16:52,629 --> 00:16:49,759
and

484
00:16:55,189 --> 00:16:52,639
we knew that the space shuttle was going

485
00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:55,199
to retire they had made very definite

486
00:17:00,230 --> 00:16:57,360
plans to

487
00:17:02,470 --> 00:17:00,240
cease providing funding to the

488
00:17:04,789 --> 00:17:02,480
to the supply chain

489
00:17:06,870 --> 00:17:04,799
it was easy to see once you stopped

490
00:17:08,470 --> 00:17:06,880
putting a lot of those very integral

491
00:17:10,549 --> 00:17:08,480
pieces into the supply chain of the

492
00:17:12,549 --> 00:17:10,559
shuttle it wasn't long before you

493
00:17:14,069 --> 00:17:12,559
weren't going to be able to revive it

494
00:17:15,990 --> 00:17:14,079
and they had already told us that they

495
00:17:17,590 --> 00:17:16,000
weren't going to fly our space app

496
00:17:19,270 --> 00:17:17,600
modules any longer

497
00:17:21,429 --> 00:17:19,280
and they we knew that that was going to

498
00:17:22,949 --> 00:17:21,439
be over in august of 07.

499
00:17:24,630 --> 00:17:22,959
so we

500
00:17:26,949 --> 00:17:24,640
centralized our efforts over on our

501
00:17:30,070 --> 00:17:26,959
satellite processing business called

502
00:17:31,990 --> 00:17:30,080
astrotech space operations and then we

503
00:17:34,710 --> 00:17:32,000
made sure that that was in good in

504
00:17:36,710 --> 00:17:34,720
intact in in good order

505
00:17:39,270 --> 00:17:36,720
we had to do some refinancing of the

506
00:17:41,029 --> 00:17:39,280
company that was necessary and then once

507
00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:41,039
that was complete we then shifted over

508
00:17:44,310 --> 00:17:42,960
and said okay what are we going to do if

509
00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:44,320
anything at all

510
00:17:47,669 --> 00:17:45,760
and

511
00:17:50,230 --> 00:17:47,679
looking back at our heritage of sending

512
00:17:53,990 --> 00:17:50,240
science primarily for nasa in our space

513
00:17:55,430 --> 00:17:54,000
hub science modules and is there any uh

514
00:17:57,669 --> 00:17:55,440
opportunity that we may be able to

515
00:17:59,590 --> 00:17:57,679
identify while we

516
00:18:01,510 --> 00:17:59,600
if we want to stay in context with the

517
00:18:02,950 --> 00:18:01,520
company's history it wasn't a

518
00:18:05,190 --> 00:18:02,960
requirement it wasn't like we were

519
00:18:06,150 --> 00:18:05,200
looking to do that it wasn't like we

520
00:18:09,909 --> 00:18:06,160
were

521
00:18:12,150 --> 00:18:09,919
making a reason for continuing on in the

522
00:18:14,390 --> 00:18:12,160
space program but we did know that we

523
00:18:16,150 --> 00:18:14,400
had some special capabilities that we

524
00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:16,160
had learned a lot that we had been in

525
00:18:20,230 --> 00:18:18,240
the front of

526
00:18:22,230 --> 00:18:20,240
over a thousand experiments have flown

527
00:18:24,070 --> 00:18:22,240
in our spacehab modules and that we

528
00:18:25,830 --> 00:18:24,080
should have imminent knowledge on

529
00:18:26,789 --> 00:18:25,840
certain aspects of it that we would at

530
00:18:28,549 --> 00:18:26,799
least

531
00:18:29,909 --> 00:18:28,559
know where to point ourselves into the

532
00:18:31,990 --> 00:18:29,919
direction to

533
00:18:33,669 --> 00:18:32,000
or would it be easily

534
00:18:35,029 --> 00:18:33,679
available to us to go and get and

535
00:18:36,630 --> 00:18:35,039
garnish the information that was

536
00:18:38,789 --> 00:18:36,640
necessary in order to determine if there

537
00:18:41,029 --> 00:18:38,799
was a commercial application or not so

538
00:18:42,870 --> 00:18:41,039
we went to work and we spent a good and

539
00:18:44,470 --> 00:18:42,880
fair amount of time looking at uh most

540
00:18:46,630 --> 00:18:44,480
of the experiments i want to say all of

541
00:18:48,390 --> 00:18:46,640
them because there's been a whole lot

542
00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:48,400
done especially if you include the

543
00:18:52,230 --> 00:18:50,240
russians experiments as well over the

544
00:18:54,070 --> 00:18:52,240
many many years of you know starting off

545
00:18:56,950 --> 00:18:54,080
at apollo

546
00:18:58,230 --> 00:18:56,960
but we went and we looked at them and we

547
00:19:01,590 --> 00:18:58,240
quickly

548
00:19:03,750 --> 00:19:01,600
uh determined that the most valuable

549
00:19:06,150 --> 00:19:03,760
thing that you could send to space

550
00:19:08,630 --> 00:19:06,160
because of its lightweight nature and

551
00:19:10,470 --> 00:19:08,640
its high value would be into something

552
00:19:12,230 --> 00:19:10,480
that had to do with bio

553
00:19:14,470 --> 00:19:12,240
biotech

554
00:19:15,350 --> 00:19:14,480
and there were really two areas that

555
00:19:19,750 --> 00:19:15,360
were

556
00:19:22,470 --> 00:19:19,760
basic science and the work had

557
00:19:24,549 --> 00:19:22,480
come to some certain conclusions

558
00:19:28,070 --> 00:19:24,559
one of them was microbes when they sent

559
00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:28,080
the first uh microbes to space uh there

560
00:19:34,310 --> 00:19:30,320
was actually a conversation that was had

561
00:19:35,750 --> 00:19:34,320
between the astronauts and jsc that said

562
00:19:37,430 --> 00:19:35,760
uh wow

563
00:19:39,029 --> 00:19:37,440
is this dangerous

564
00:19:40,470 --> 00:19:39,039
because these things are growing way

565
00:19:43,029 --> 00:19:40,480
beyond what we were told they were

566
00:19:45,430 --> 00:19:43,039
supposed to be growing much faster much

567
00:19:48,390 --> 00:19:45,440
bigger and we're concerned

568
00:19:50,310 --> 00:19:48,400
and after some some give and take back

569
00:19:52,630 --> 00:19:50,320
with the scientists jsc reported back

570
00:19:55,270 --> 00:19:52,640
and said no the hardware is a good

571
00:19:56,950 --> 00:19:55,280
hardware and it will keep you safe but

572
00:19:58,390 --> 00:19:56,960
it was an indication that they had no

573
00:20:00,470 --> 00:19:58,400
idea what they were going to find and

574
00:20:02,390 --> 00:20:00,480
when they did it was

575
00:20:04,549 --> 00:20:02,400
it was surprising to them

576
00:20:07,110 --> 00:20:04,559
so what you can do with that is you can

577
00:20:10,070 --> 00:20:07,120
take microbes and you can send them up

578
00:20:12,549 --> 00:20:10,080
we have found now and in microgravity

579
00:20:14,549 --> 00:20:12,559
they do grow huge there are some

580
00:20:17,190 --> 00:20:14,559
theories as to why

581
00:20:20,149 --> 00:20:17,200
i think that i'm probably satisfied with

582
00:20:22,549 --> 00:20:20,159
the idea that they are it's a phenomena

583
00:20:25,270 --> 00:20:22,559
um i'm not sure i believe in any of the

584
00:20:27,190 --> 00:20:25,280
theories thus far but i do know that it

585
00:20:29,270 --> 00:20:27,200
is a physiological change with the

586
00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:29,280
growth of microbes and when you bring

587
00:20:33,350 --> 00:20:31,840
them back and you analyze them they show

588
00:20:35,990 --> 00:20:33,360
certain

589
00:20:38,470 --> 00:20:36,000
elevated levels of virulence or strength

590
00:20:40,390 --> 00:20:38,480
and that gives the scientists a very

591
00:20:42,630 --> 00:20:40,400
definite area to go look at when they

592
00:20:44,710 --> 00:20:42,640
start creating vaccines

593
00:20:46,950 --> 00:20:44,720
it's uh to kind of put into perspective

594
00:20:49,590 --> 00:20:46,960
of how valuable that might be

595
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:49,600
a vaccine typically takes from 10 to 15

596
00:20:53,990 --> 00:20:51,760
years of using a process that's called

597
00:20:56,870 --> 00:20:54,000
microarray analysis which is a robotic

598
00:20:59,270 --> 00:20:56,880
arm that tries and tries and tries

599
00:21:01,270 --> 00:20:59,280
through a trial and error process in

600
00:21:02,870 --> 00:21:01,280
trying to figure out the one telephone

601
00:21:05,909 --> 00:21:02,880
number out of a hundred billion

602
00:21:07,830 --> 00:21:05,919
telephone potential numbers that are

603
00:21:09,830 --> 00:21:07,840
held with inside of a genome to try to

604
00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:09,840
figure out which one controls the

605
00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:11,280
strength of it

606
00:21:18,710 --> 00:21:14,960
and like cowpox was to smallpox cowpox

607
00:21:21,270 --> 00:21:18,720
was a lesser degree of smallpox but you

608
00:21:23,270 --> 00:21:21,280
have to control that virulent factor in

609
00:21:24,630 --> 00:21:23,280
order to be able to develop the vaccine

610
00:21:27,029 --> 00:21:24,640
synthetically

611
00:21:29,110 --> 00:21:27,039
so the problem is is that they start off

612
00:21:31,830 --> 00:21:29,120
with 100 billion telephone numbers

613
00:21:33,909 --> 00:21:31,840
and they really don't have much of a of

614
00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:33,919
an idea of really where to go and you

615
00:21:37,590 --> 00:21:35,360
you know try to figure out how to call

616
00:21:38,549 --> 00:21:37,600
me when the phone book's 100 billion

617
00:21:40,310 --> 00:21:38,559
tall

618
00:21:42,149 --> 00:21:40,320
and it'd take you a long time and that's

619
00:21:44,870 --> 00:21:42,159
why it takes them 10 to 15 years to

620
00:21:46,789 --> 00:21:44,880
develop a vaccine so when you send them

621
00:21:47,830 --> 00:21:46,799
to space and they come back they have a

622
00:21:49,590 --> 00:21:47,840
control

623
00:21:51,830 --> 00:21:49,600
sample that they do right here at the

624
00:21:53,909 --> 00:21:51,840
slsl on uh

625
00:21:56,149 --> 00:21:53,919
here at the cape and we have

626
00:21:57,909 --> 00:21:56,159
communications with the shuttle and we

627
00:21:59,669 --> 00:21:57,919
are transferring back and forth the

628
00:22:01,830 --> 00:21:59,679
environmental conditions that are on

629
00:22:03,750 --> 00:22:01,840
shuttle on orbit and we're trying to

630
00:22:06,230 --> 00:22:03,760
replicate those in an incubator here at

631
00:22:08,070 --> 00:22:06,240
the slsl in real time

632
00:22:10,549 --> 00:22:08,080
and it's the exact same samples that we

633
00:22:12,950 --> 00:22:10,559
delivered to nasa that were then took

634
00:22:13,830 --> 00:22:12,960
and and placed inside of the shuttle

635
00:22:15,909 --> 00:22:13,840
mission

636
00:22:18,070 --> 00:22:15,919
and right when it's activated we

637
00:22:20,230 --> 00:22:18,080
activate exactly the same time and we

638
00:22:22,230 --> 00:22:20,240
try to replicate those two

639
00:22:24,549 --> 00:22:22,240
in concert and then when they bring them

640
00:22:26,710 --> 00:22:24,559
back think about it as that barcode that

641
00:22:28,470 --> 00:22:26,720
you always see on csi that they're

642
00:22:30,549 --> 00:22:28,480
always looking at the dna barcode and it

643
00:22:31,830 --> 00:22:30,559
comes and it leaps and this one doesn't

644
00:22:33,990 --> 00:22:31,840
down here

645
00:22:36,870 --> 00:22:34,000
and then they say there you go and they

646
00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:36,880
ended up coming down to where they

647
00:22:40,950 --> 00:22:39,200
get a a tighter

648
00:22:42,230 --> 00:22:40,960
area now let's say that you're not

649
00:22:43,830 --> 00:22:42,240
talking about the telephone numbers of

650
00:22:45,350 --> 00:22:43,840
the world you might be thinking about

651
00:22:47,909 --> 00:22:45,360
the telephone numbers of the united

652
00:22:51,909 --> 00:22:47,919
states and then they fly again with

653
00:22:55,110 --> 00:22:51,919
those and they genetically with enzymes

654
00:22:56,549 --> 00:22:55,120
parse out those and they then fly those

655
00:22:58,390 --> 00:22:56,559
up the next time

656
00:22:59,350 --> 00:22:58,400
so the first one we call our survey

657
00:23:02,070 --> 00:22:59,360
flights

658
00:23:04,390 --> 00:23:02,080
and the second ones we call are

659
00:23:06,390 --> 00:23:04,400
expression flights and then we start

660
00:23:07,669 --> 00:23:06,400
feeding them to a little animal called a

661
00:23:09,830 --> 00:23:07,679
c elegan

662
00:23:12,789 --> 00:23:09,840
that the brilliant people in germany at

663
00:23:15,029 --> 00:23:12,799
max blank have developed that axe looks

664
00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:15,039
and operates a lot like you and me

665
00:23:20,230 --> 00:23:17,440
although they're microscopic worms they

666
00:23:22,950 --> 00:23:20,240
can tell whether the immune system is in

667
00:23:25,510 --> 00:23:22,960
that worm elevated due to whatever

668
00:23:27,909 --> 00:23:25,520
selection of the strain of microbe that

669
00:23:30,470 --> 00:23:27,919
they've chosen to express against it and

670
00:23:32,390 --> 00:23:30,480
they also know if it kills it and that

671
00:23:34,710 --> 00:23:32,400
this genetically designed little c

672
00:23:35,669 --> 00:23:34,720
elegan worm is designed to act like you

673
00:23:37,350 --> 00:23:35,679
and me

674
00:23:39,190 --> 00:23:37,360
so when they bring them back then they

675
00:23:41,750 --> 00:23:39,200
know now

676
00:23:43,350 --> 00:23:41,760
a smaller area we're getting down to the

677
00:23:45,029 --> 00:23:43,360
the state of florida

678
00:23:46,950 --> 00:23:45,039
and then finally we get down to cocoa

679
00:23:49,590 --> 00:23:46,960
beach and finally we get to

680
00:23:52,149 --> 00:23:49,600
exactly where we are today with the

681
00:23:53,510 --> 00:23:52,159
number that we need in order to develop

682
00:23:54,549 --> 00:23:53,520
the vaccines

683
00:23:57,029 --> 00:23:54,559
and

684
00:23:58,950 --> 00:23:57,039
it's a long process it takes four or

685
00:24:00,549 --> 00:23:58,960
five missions to do

686
00:24:03,190 --> 00:24:00,559
but before

687
00:24:04,789 --> 00:24:03,200
and when nasa would fly science in in

688
00:24:06,310 --> 00:24:04,799
the previous ways that they would do it

689
00:24:07,830 --> 00:24:06,320
it would be in fits and starts and it

690
00:24:09,510 --> 00:24:07,840
was one of the criticisms that the

691
00:24:11,590 --> 00:24:09,520
scientists always

692
00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:11,600
brought up as far as

693
00:24:16,149 --> 00:24:13,600
as far as nasa and their sciences they

694
00:24:17,830 --> 00:24:16,159
weren't consistent and they weren't

695
00:24:21,669 --> 00:24:17,840
frequent enough

696
00:24:24,230 --> 00:24:21,679
to sustain a good scientific model

697
00:24:25,190 --> 00:24:24,240
we with nasa's encouragement in this

698
00:24:27,029 --> 00:24:25,200
case because they knew they were

699
00:24:28,630 --> 00:24:27,039
completing the station and they knew

700
00:24:31,510 --> 00:24:28,640
that it was time that the construction

701
00:24:34,390 --> 00:24:31,520
was over with it was drawing to an end

702
00:24:36,549 --> 00:24:34,400
and these guys have been incredible

703
00:24:39,190 --> 00:24:36,559
in terms of what they've done to bend

704
00:24:42,390 --> 00:24:39,200
over backwards to put our science on on

705
00:24:44,710 --> 00:24:42,400
the shuttles and to just you have no

706
00:24:47,590 --> 00:24:44,720
idea what it's what what it's been

707
00:24:50,070 --> 00:24:47,600
to get there from uh and it's really

708
00:24:52,390 --> 00:24:50,080
it's nasa i mean we've done our part but

709
00:24:56,149 --> 00:24:52,400
we were going to do our part anyway

710
00:24:58,390 --> 00:24:56,159
it was nasa this time who said

711
00:25:00,230 --> 00:24:58,400
before yes we're in fits and starts but

712
00:25:02,070 --> 00:25:00,240
we were constructing a skyscraper in

713
00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:02,080
space give us a break and they were

714
00:25:06,789 --> 00:25:04,480
right about that frankly in in my

715
00:25:09,510 --> 00:25:06,799
analysis and then they said we're about

716
00:25:11,110 --> 00:25:09,520
to complete this hey let's do everything

717
00:25:14,310 --> 00:25:11,120
we can in order to fly these as

718
00:25:17,110 --> 00:25:14,320
consistently as possible and we all work

719
00:25:18,630 --> 00:25:17,120
together in absolute beautiful harmony

720
00:25:20,230 --> 00:25:18,640
i've never seen anything quite like it

721
00:25:23,269 --> 00:25:20,240
in anything i've ever done

722
00:25:24,950 --> 00:25:23,279
and the results are now we have a

723
00:25:27,430 --> 00:25:24,960
vaccine that we're moving through fda

724
00:25:28,950 --> 00:25:27,440
for salmonella and while salmonella is

725
00:25:30,310 --> 00:25:28,960
not the most valuable vaccine in the

726
00:25:33,269 --> 00:25:30,320
world because it typically doesn't kill

727
00:25:35,110 --> 00:25:33,279
people in the in the developed world um

728
00:25:37,430 --> 00:25:35,120
it is a valuable vaccine in the third

729
00:25:39,830 --> 00:25:37,440
world but we did it because there was a

730
00:25:42,789 --> 00:25:39,840
lot of previous work that had been done

731
00:25:44,470 --> 00:25:42,799
and that uh we kind of as nasa had

732
00:25:46,230 --> 00:25:44,480
already flown two flights before it so

733
00:25:47,909 --> 00:25:46,240
we had a little head start but the more

734
00:25:49,590 --> 00:25:47,919
important part about about salmonella

735
00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:49,600
was is we knew it was safe it wasn't

736
00:25:53,990 --> 00:25:51,840
going to kill the astronauts if they got

737
00:25:56,549 --> 00:25:54,000
it if it got loose so we got all of that

738
00:25:59,269 --> 00:25:56,559
put down safety and review

739
00:26:00,870 --> 00:25:59,279
at nasa the hardware all of our systems

740
00:26:02,470 --> 00:26:00,880
and we now have what we call amp which

741
00:26:04,630 --> 00:26:02,480
is the astrogenetic microgravity

742
00:26:07,110 --> 00:26:04,640
processing platform and that's all

743
00:26:09,110 --> 00:26:07,120
documented with manuals and it's got a

744
00:26:11,190 --> 00:26:09,120
lot of work that has been done on that

745
00:26:12,950 --> 00:26:11,200
so we now have a proven platform and now

746
00:26:14,710 --> 00:26:12,960
we're sending up mrsa we're on our

747
00:26:17,510 --> 00:26:14,720
fourth flight on orbit right now i'm

748
00:26:20,070 --> 00:26:17,520
excited to say for mrsa

749
00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:20,080
that kills people that's a big deal

750
00:26:23,990 --> 00:26:22,000
that's bringing our healthcare system in

751
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:24,000
the hospitals down through their knees

752
00:26:28,630 --> 00:26:25,760
the lawyers are all over it they're

753
00:26:31,110 --> 00:26:28,640
suing hospitals and they're they're

754
00:26:32,390 --> 00:26:31,120
getting massive massive judgments on

755
00:26:34,789 --> 00:26:32,400
those and

756
00:26:36,390 --> 00:26:34,799
uh and it's it's not good and it's not

757
00:26:38,470 --> 00:26:36,400
it's not just the united states hospital

758
00:26:40,310 --> 00:26:38,480
system either it's all the developed

759
00:26:43,110 --> 00:26:40,320
world and really the whole world is is

760
00:26:45,669 --> 00:26:43,120
experiencing the the faults of mrsa is

761
00:26:48,310 --> 00:26:45,679
that that staff that hospital staff is

762
00:26:50,390 --> 00:26:48,320
normally called it is tough stuff

763
00:26:52,149 --> 00:26:50,400
and if we can get a vaccine for that the

764
00:26:54,870 --> 00:26:52,159
very first thing we'll do is we'll try

765
00:26:56,230 --> 00:26:54,880
to get the hospital personnel vaccinated

766
00:26:58,149 --> 00:26:56,240
because those are the ones that are the

767
00:26:59,990 --> 00:26:58,159
carriers of it and that's the beginning

768
00:27:01,830 --> 00:27:00,000
just like in polio the first thing to do

769
00:27:03,750 --> 00:27:01,840
was to go get the healthcare workers and

770
00:27:06,230 --> 00:27:03,760
get them vaccinated and then everything

771
00:27:08,149 --> 00:27:06,240
else fell in line after that so that's

772
00:27:10,230 --> 00:27:08,159
the process that we're in that's what

773
00:27:12,149 --> 00:27:10,240
we're doing right now we chose the

774
00:27:14,470 --> 00:27:12,159
microbes because we knew that we only

775
00:27:16,390 --> 00:27:14,480
had two weeks sorties to fly them on you

776
00:27:18,710 --> 00:27:16,400
only need about six days to process

777
00:27:19,590 --> 00:27:18,720
under amp for these microbes to do their

778
00:27:22,630 --> 00:27:19,600
thing

779
00:27:24,549 --> 00:27:22,640
and the pcgs we feel like you need a lot

780
00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:24,559
longer around three months you have to

781
00:27:29,269 --> 00:27:26,640
have sustained microgravity on a quiet

782
00:27:32,230 --> 00:27:29,279
station for pcgs for protein crystals

783
00:27:34,070 --> 00:27:32,240
and it's not quiet you have kibo modules

784
00:27:36,470 --> 00:27:34,080
coming in and hammering into it and you

785
00:27:38,389 --> 00:27:36,480
have all kinds of things and we have mrm

786
00:27:40,789 --> 00:27:38,399
one that astrotech is is right now

787
00:27:43,990 --> 00:27:40,799
processing and it'll be slamming into it

788
00:27:45,990 --> 00:27:44,000
in uh in may and so that's not where you

789
00:27:48,310 --> 00:27:46,000
want to be growing but we can isolate we

790
00:27:50,310 --> 00:27:48,320
do isolate we do have racks that isolate

791
00:27:51,750 --> 00:27:50,320
the isolation technology that i've

792
00:27:53,669 --> 00:27:51,760
looked at i've not been particularly

793
00:27:56,230 --> 00:27:53,679
impressed with it has dampening on it

794
00:27:58,549 --> 00:27:56,240
and it has a dampening process that

795
00:28:01,110 --> 00:27:58,559
tries to um

796
00:28:03,190 --> 00:28:01,120
uh you know try it tries to somehow or

797
00:28:06,149 --> 00:28:03,200
another look at where it's going to have

798
00:28:08,470 --> 00:28:06,159
to dampen into and i'm i'm not impressed

799
00:28:09,669 --> 00:28:08,480
with the results of that not to say that

800
00:28:11,190 --> 00:28:09,679
it's all new

801
00:28:12,710 --> 00:28:11,200
i mean this is you know things that were

802
00:28:15,190 --> 00:28:12,720
being done while you're constructing a

803
00:28:17,430 --> 00:28:15,200
station yeah but if an astronaut gets on

804
00:28:18,389 --> 00:28:17,440
the treadmill is that a problem that's a

805
00:28:21,750 --> 00:28:18,399
problem

806
00:28:23,830 --> 00:28:21,760
have like it just you know like mike

807
00:28:25,669 --> 00:28:23,840
says you can put dampening in there but

808
00:28:27,669 --> 00:28:25,679
not where you have things slamming into

809
00:28:29,909 --> 00:28:27,679
it it vibrates for 45 minutes and things

810
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:29,919
like that that does actually happen

811
00:28:35,430 --> 00:28:31,200
that you're trying to get away from well

812
00:28:38,389 --> 00:28:36,950
maybe it's a high class problem we'll

813
00:28:39,909 --> 00:28:38,399
figure it out

814
00:28:43,110 --> 00:28:39,919
but anyway let me roll this really we

815
00:28:45,269 --> 00:28:43,120
may not even might need another wing

816
00:28:47,510 --> 00:28:45,279
so here we have real quick uh it is a

817
00:28:49,909 --> 00:28:47,520
national laboratory uh which is a big

818
00:28:52,789 --> 00:28:49,919
deal that allows commercial operations

819
00:28:55,430 --> 00:28:52,799
to come into and and provide and produce

820
00:28:58,070 --> 00:28:55,440
commercial pro products in space to sell

821
00:28:59,430 --> 00:28:58,080
on earth on a government facility and

822
00:29:01,590 --> 00:28:59,440
there's lots of national labs all over

823
00:29:02,789 --> 00:29:01,600
the country santia los alamos there's

824
00:29:05,110 --> 00:29:02,799
plenty of them but now we have one in

825
00:29:08,389 --> 00:29:05,120
space at 220 miles up

826
00:29:09,909 --> 00:29:08,399
and uh and advantages of microgravity as

827
00:29:11,990 --> 00:29:09,919
growth within the space environment

828
00:29:14,389 --> 00:29:12,000
induces valuable changes in microbial

829
00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:14,399
cells that i'm not going to give excuses

830
00:29:19,590 --> 00:29:17,520
as to why only to tell you it works

831
00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:19,600
commercial value is that we get the

832
00:29:23,669 --> 00:29:21,600
growth rate and size resistance to drug

833
00:29:25,110 --> 00:29:23,679
treatments and virulence and then we see

834
00:29:27,269 --> 00:29:25,120
vaccines and therapeutics now

835
00:29:29,269 --> 00:29:27,279
therapeutics i did not talk a lot about

836
00:29:31,269 --> 00:29:29,279
but that's where you take the vaccines

837
00:29:33,510 --> 00:29:31,279
and then if you have mrsa and you've

838
00:29:36,389 --> 00:29:33,520
already got it now what

839
00:29:38,149 --> 00:29:36,399
and it's these uh antibiotics that don't

840
00:29:41,909 --> 00:29:38,159
work because this thing's always

841
00:29:43,990 --> 00:29:41,919
morphing around and it's such a clever

842
00:29:46,310 --> 00:29:44,000
little microbe that it seems to be

843
00:29:47,909 --> 00:29:46,320
incredibly infectious and

844
00:29:50,549 --> 00:29:47,919
certainly looks after itself that's for

845
00:29:52,630 --> 00:29:50,559
sure well we can also move towards and

846
00:29:53,830 --> 00:29:52,640
from the vaccines and go into actually a

847
00:29:55,750 --> 00:29:53,840
therapeutic that we can apply

848
00:29:56,950 --> 00:29:55,760
topographically to the infection and

849
00:29:58,470 --> 00:29:56,960
then it will end up killing the

850
00:30:01,110 --> 00:29:58,480
infection which is super important as

851
00:30:03,430 --> 00:30:01,120
well and very valuable next slide please

852
00:30:05,190 --> 00:30:03,440
here are our flights and i wanted to put

853
00:30:07,510 --> 00:30:05,200
it in that presentation right there to

854
00:30:10,710 --> 00:30:07,520
show you what we've been doing and how

855
00:30:12,870 --> 00:30:10,720
consistent it is and again hats off to

856
00:30:14,310 --> 00:30:12,880
everyone i love at nasa i can't tell you

857
00:30:16,789 --> 00:30:14,320
how much i love them

858
00:30:19,190 --> 00:30:16,799
and that's the reason why is right there

859
00:30:21,990 --> 00:30:19,200
there is the performance of it and

860
00:30:23,430 --> 00:30:22,000
uh you know they've just done a superb

861
00:30:25,029 --> 00:30:23,440
job here you will see salmonella

862
00:30:27,190 --> 00:30:25,039
salmonella salmonella there had already

863
00:30:29,190 --> 00:30:27,200
been two of them before that then we

864
00:30:31,430 --> 00:30:29,200
moved off of savinelli we went on to

865
00:30:32,950 --> 00:30:31,440
mrsa it was our survey flight all we

866
00:30:34,470 --> 00:30:32,960
need is one gap and you'll see what a

867
00:30:35,510 --> 00:30:34,480
gap is here in a second is our piece of

868
00:30:38,149 --> 00:30:35,520
hardware

869
00:30:39,990 --> 00:30:38,159
and uh and so we flew a whole lot of

870
00:30:41,750 --> 00:30:40,000
others to fill up our pipeline that you

871
00:30:43,029 --> 00:30:41,760
see there

872
00:30:44,470 --> 00:30:43,039
by and large those are infectious

873
00:30:46,710 --> 00:30:44,480
diseases

874
00:30:48,710 --> 00:30:46,720
and then we went back to mrsa once we

875
00:30:50,389 --> 00:30:48,720
found uh you know as i said the

876
00:30:52,389 --> 00:30:50,399
telephone book of the world got down to

877
00:30:53,909 --> 00:30:52,399
the telephone book of america and we

878
00:30:56,310 --> 00:30:53,919
started flying them and trying to get

879
00:30:57,590 --> 00:30:56,320
down to where we are today and we're

880
00:31:00,710 --> 00:30:57,600
very hopeful for the flight that we have

881
00:31:02,870 --> 00:31:00,720
on orbit today next slide please

882
00:31:05,509 --> 00:31:02,880
uh vaccine targets have been identified

883
00:31:06,549 --> 00:31:05,519
we're moving through fda god if you you

884
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:06,559
know

885
00:31:09,269 --> 00:31:08,000
it's one thing to fly to space it's

886
00:31:10,870 --> 00:31:09,279
another thing to get through fda it's

887
00:31:12,950 --> 00:31:10,880
okay

888
00:31:14,470 --> 00:31:12,960
i mean i know i mean i've read things

889
00:31:15,669 --> 00:31:14,480
you know in financial magazines and

890
00:31:17,029 --> 00:31:15,679
things like that that talk about how

891
00:31:19,669 --> 00:31:17,039
tough it is to get through the fda but

892
00:31:21,509 --> 00:31:19,679
man when you're in it

893
00:31:23,590 --> 00:31:21,519
it's it's something else

894
00:31:24,710 --> 00:31:23,600
uh mrsa virulence targets have been

895
00:31:28,630 --> 00:31:24,720
identified and are currently being

896
00:31:30,389 --> 00:31:28,640
validated on 131 next please

897
00:31:32,870 --> 00:31:30,399
here's a little movie that shows

898
00:31:33,909 --> 00:31:32,880
this is nicole stott and and cj strzok

899
00:31:36,230 --> 00:31:33,919
that's right

900
00:31:37,990 --> 00:31:36,240
and um

901
00:31:40,630 --> 00:31:38,000
they're just twisting something it's

902
00:31:43,029 --> 00:31:40,640
very low tech in that way or as i say

903
00:31:44,950 --> 00:31:43,039
it's kind of fail proof i did this on on

904
00:31:46,630 --> 00:31:44,960
expedition eight did you yeah

905
00:31:48,950 --> 00:31:46,640
then you had probably that's those first

906
00:31:50,950 --> 00:31:48,960
salmonella flies this is what's going on

907
00:31:53,430 --> 00:31:50,960
inside of it this is how the microbes

908
00:31:55,430 --> 00:31:53,440
are eating and now we introduce the uh

909
00:31:57,269 --> 00:31:55,440
the c elegans in there and they come in

910
00:31:58,310 --> 00:31:57,279
and eat those microbes that are fully

911
00:32:00,149 --> 00:31:58,320
developed

912
00:32:01,190 --> 00:32:00,159
and then we bring and we kill them at

913
00:32:02,630 --> 00:32:01,200
the end

914
00:32:04,070 --> 00:32:02,640
and then we well which is perfect

915
00:32:05,350 --> 00:32:04,080
because on re-entry i don't care how i

916
00:32:08,070 --> 00:32:05,360
come in i don't have to have a safe

917
00:32:10,870 --> 00:32:08,080
re-entry you know the protein crystals

918
00:32:12,710 --> 00:32:10,880
might get shattered you know so anyway

919
00:32:14,630 --> 00:32:12,720
next slide please

920
00:32:16,070 --> 00:32:14,640
uh and so we have seven additional

921
00:32:17,590 --> 00:32:16,080
microbes that have been conducted and

922
00:32:18,950 --> 00:32:17,600
manifested for future flights those are

923
00:32:21,430 --> 00:32:18,960
the ones that we flew earlier and we

924
00:32:24,549 --> 00:32:21,440
intend to start up again after mrsa

925
00:32:26,470 --> 00:32:24,559
and then uh the protein crystals

926
00:32:28,310 --> 00:32:26,480
you know i got to tell you it you know

927
00:32:30,789 --> 00:32:28,320
the microbes are great and infectious

928
00:32:33,029 --> 00:32:30,799
diseases are wonderful in mrsa i'd love

929
00:32:34,789 --> 00:32:33,039
to solve but when you get into the

930
00:32:36,470 --> 00:32:34,799
protein crystals there's two types

931
00:32:38,549 --> 00:32:36,480
there's called an aqueous and a membrane

932
00:32:40,470 --> 00:32:38,559
protein and the aqueous proteins are

933
00:32:42,470 --> 00:32:40,480
kind of big plump and big

934
00:32:44,310 --> 00:32:42,480
and they're the ones that you're seeing

935
00:32:46,710 --> 00:32:44,320
a lot of lead compounds being developed

936
00:32:48,470 --> 00:32:46,720
for uh now but when you get into the

937
00:32:50,950 --> 00:32:48,480
membrane proteins like parkinson's and

938
00:32:52,710 --> 00:32:50,960
alzheimer's that's the real stuff that's

939
00:32:55,029 --> 00:32:52,720
really really hard to do and you have to

940
00:32:57,350 --> 00:32:55,039
have extremely pure crystals in order to

941
00:32:59,110 --> 00:32:57,360
get that done and it's just like a

942
00:33:01,430 --> 00:32:59,120
crystal you have in your refrigerator

943
00:33:03,750 --> 00:33:01,440
every day you go in and look at and it

944
00:33:06,230 --> 00:33:03,760
is an ice cube and it's very cloudy

945
00:33:07,830 --> 00:33:06,240
that's gravity that's that's having an

946
00:33:11,029 --> 00:33:07,840
impact on the formation of those

947
00:33:13,430 --> 00:33:11,039
crystals if you send that same ice cube

948
00:33:15,190 --> 00:33:13,440
up to space and grow it it's perfectly

949
00:33:17,190 --> 00:33:15,200
clear and i think you'll see they're

950
00:33:18,470 --> 00:33:17,200
perfectly clear it's the same thing for

951
00:33:20,470 --> 00:33:18,480
the crystals that they grow around the

952
00:33:22,789 --> 00:33:20,480
proteins they got to grow the proteins

953
00:33:24,789 --> 00:33:22,799
around the or grow the crystals around

954
00:33:26,950 --> 00:33:24,799
the proteins and then they refract it

955
00:33:29,269 --> 00:33:26,960
with an x-ray and then they can find

956
00:33:31,110 --> 00:33:29,279
what the atoms are and you got to know

957
00:33:34,470 --> 00:33:31,120
exactly what the atoms are in that

958
00:33:36,549 --> 00:33:34,480
protein you can't be off by one hydrogen

959
00:33:39,190 --> 00:33:36,559
atom or else you will not be able to

960
00:33:40,950 --> 00:33:39,200
connect or control that protein and

961
00:33:43,029 --> 00:33:40,960
you've got to have every advantage to

962
00:33:45,669 --> 00:33:43,039
you in that game every advantage you can

963
00:33:47,830 --> 00:33:45,679
imagine and sending them up to space has

964
00:33:49,750 --> 00:33:47,840
already proven to be very advantageous

965
00:33:51,029 --> 00:33:49,760
in growing those proteins and i believe

966
00:33:53,909 --> 00:33:51,039
it's the only way that we're going to

967
00:33:55,669 --> 00:33:53,919
end up ever solving these more sinister

968
00:33:57,269 --> 00:33:55,679
diseases of parkinson's and alzheimer's

969
00:33:59,190 --> 00:33:57,279
and aids and these really really nasty

970
00:34:00,630 --> 00:33:59,200
stuff they've tried them they tried and

971
00:34:02,470 --> 00:34:00,640
they've tried and they'd throw billions

972
00:34:04,310 --> 00:34:02,480
of dollars at it and they haven't got

973
00:34:06,470 --> 00:34:04,320
anywhere in those except for maybe

974
00:34:08,069 --> 00:34:06,480
treatments it's a big difference between

975
00:34:10,149 --> 00:34:08,079
treatments and cures

976
00:34:11,109 --> 00:34:10,159
so maybe we go to treatments here but i

977
00:34:12,869 --> 00:34:11,119
don't believe that you're going to get

978
00:34:13,750 --> 00:34:12,879
there in any other way than flying to

979
00:34:17,109 --> 00:34:13,760
space

980
00:34:21,109 --> 00:34:18,710
these are these racks that we have on

981
00:34:22,790 --> 00:34:21,119
station we in our barter agreement with

982
00:34:25,030 --> 00:34:22,800
the international partners every time we

983
00:34:27,109 --> 00:34:25,040
flew a module or a segment

984
00:34:28,629 --> 00:34:27,119
we got half of those racks as long as

985
00:34:30,550 --> 00:34:28,639
they flew in our shuttle then we got

986
00:34:33,190 --> 00:34:30,560
half of the racks or access to them the

987
00:34:35,589 --> 00:34:33,200
the us did we have a lot of racks and we

988
00:34:37,190 --> 00:34:35,599
can fill them up in my opinion with a

989
00:34:38,950 --> 00:34:37,200
lot of experiments a lot of basic

990
00:34:40,710 --> 00:34:38,960
science that i'm not going to do i'm

991
00:34:44,310 --> 00:34:40,720
going to hopefully

992
00:34:46,149 --> 00:34:44,320
expect maybe the nih to do it or for nsf

993
00:34:48,470 --> 00:34:46,159
to do it or for the ag department to do

994
00:34:50,310 --> 00:34:48,480
it or for the university system to do it

995
00:34:51,829 --> 00:34:50,320
that's what they should do but they

996
00:34:53,190 --> 00:34:51,839
should be filling up those racks and i

997
00:34:55,030 --> 00:34:53,200
should be filling up those racks and

998
00:34:56,149 --> 00:34:55,040
anybody else that has an opportunity

999
00:34:58,069 --> 00:34:56,159
should be filling them up too because

1000
00:35:01,109 --> 00:34:58,079
it's a magnificent laboratory and it's

1001
00:35:02,870 --> 00:35:01,119
al it's ours and it's completed as of

1002
00:35:04,150 --> 00:35:02,880
the end of this year it's super exciting

1003
00:35:06,310 --> 00:35:04,160
the most exciting thing i've ever worked

1004
00:35:08,470 --> 00:35:06,320
on in my life period so the station has

1005
00:35:10,069 --> 00:35:08,480
a nice rack huh good that's good good to

1006
00:35:11,510 --> 00:35:10,079
hear all right so that's the slide

1007
00:35:13,349 --> 00:35:11,520
that's oh you're still going i'm sorry

1008
00:35:15,190 --> 00:35:13,359
that's it i just wanted to end up with

1009
00:35:16,710 --> 00:35:15,200
making medicines in space to save lives

1010
00:35:18,950 --> 00:35:16,720
on earth all right so

1011
00:35:22,630 --> 00:35:18,960
wow

1012
00:35:25,109 --> 00:35:22,640
okay it's just the web right yeah

1013
00:35:27,109 --> 00:35:25,119
all right so uh brent alexander uh is uh

1014
00:35:28,310 --> 00:35:27,119
believe you you were very instrumental

1015
00:35:29,990 --> 00:35:28,320
and i don't know where you're starting

1016
00:35:31,430 --> 00:35:30,000
off but i hope you address this you were

1017
00:35:34,069 --> 00:35:31,440
very instrumental with the the vision

1018
00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:34,079
for space exploration which um did not

1019
00:35:37,589 --> 00:35:35,760
turn out the way you expected i'm

1020
00:35:39,670 --> 00:35:37,599
curious you know how you feel about that

1021
00:35:41,990 --> 00:35:39,680
and where we are today well yeah thank

1022
00:35:43,750 --> 00:35:42,000
you miles i'm going to talk about how we

1023
00:35:46,069 --> 00:35:43,760
get to the space station what the

1024
00:35:47,510 --> 00:35:46,079
president's proposal i think the the the

1025
00:35:49,750 --> 00:35:47,520
piece of it that i

1026
00:35:51,829 --> 00:35:49,760
uh am most excited about

1027
00:35:53,109 --> 00:35:51,839
is changing how we get into space it's

1028
00:35:55,190 --> 00:35:53,119
changing from government developed

1029
00:35:57,270 --> 00:35:55,200
systems to privately developed systems

1030
00:35:59,910 --> 00:35:57,280
with government safety oversight and

1031
00:36:01,750 --> 00:35:59,920
that sounds very mechanical and and not

1032
00:36:03,190 --> 00:36:01,760
very interesting but what it does is

1033
00:36:05,910 --> 00:36:03,200
really change

1034
00:36:08,069 --> 00:36:05,920
uh the dynamics and the economics of

1035
00:36:10,950 --> 00:36:08,079
getting into space such that we have a

1036
00:36:12,550 --> 00:36:10,960
much more uh robust capability to not

1037
00:36:14,150 --> 00:36:12,560
only get more people into space like

1038
00:36:15,910 --> 00:36:14,160
like mike was talking about to the space

1039
00:36:17,910 --> 00:36:15,920
station but also to do all the great

1040
00:36:21,270 --> 00:36:17,920
research that tom's talking about and

1041
00:36:23,349 --> 00:36:21,280
tom i know uh firsthand the value of a

1042
00:36:25,270 --> 00:36:23,359
salmonella vaccine my daughter when she

1043
00:36:28,230 --> 00:36:25,280
was four years old had salmonella

1044
00:36:29,910 --> 00:36:28,240
poisoning and that is a painful ugly

1045
00:36:32,390 --> 00:36:29,920
horrible thing

1046
00:36:34,950 --> 00:36:32,400
and and and so certainly the value for

1047
00:36:36,069 --> 00:36:34,960
that uh would be tremendous worldwide so

1048
00:36:38,829 --> 00:36:36,079
i thank you for doing that kind of

1049
00:36:43,349 --> 00:36:41,589
so talking about the the benefits of

1050
00:36:45,030 --> 00:36:43,359
this new approach

1051
00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:45,040
really i think

1052
00:36:49,030 --> 00:36:46,640
looking first if i if i go to the next

1053
00:36:50,150 --> 00:36:49,040
slide please uh there are benefits to

1054
00:36:51,750 --> 00:36:50,160
nasa

1055
00:36:53,589 --> 00:36:51,760
i want to move quickly to the benefits

1056
00:36:54,390 --> 00:36:53,599
to the nation but the benefits to nasa

1057
00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:54,400
are

1058
00:36:58,550 --> 00:36:55,920
freeing up nasa resources for

1059
00:37:00,150 --> 00:36:58,560
exploration because focusing on just

1060
00:37:02,230 --> 00:37:00,160
getting to the space station and using

1061
00:37:04,390 --> 00:37:02,240
privately developed systems to get there

1062
00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:04,400
it's a simpler mission than going beyond

1063
00:37:08,630 --> 00:37:06,400
so you free up nasa resources so that

1064
00:37:11,430 --> 00:37:08,640
nasa can focus on going beyond

1065
00:37:12,710 --> 00:37:11,440
to the moon lagrange points mars moons

1066
00:37:15,430 --> 00:37:12,720
of mars

1067
00:37:17,109 --> 00:37:15,440
while industry focuses on getting to low

1068
00:37:19,030 --> 00:37:17,119
earth orbit having that redundant access

1069
00:37:21,030 --> 00:37:19,040
that mike talked about

1070
00:37:23,270 --> 00:37:21,040
closing the gap because it's a simpler

1071
00:37:24,550 --> 00:37:23,280
mission it can be done sooner not

1072
00:37:27,109 --> 00:37:24,560
because

1073
00:37:29,030 --> 00:37:27,119
industry is particularly faster than

1074
00:37:30,870 --> 00:37:29,040
government although some may argue that

1075
00:37:32,230 --> 00:37:30,880
and i believe that certainly to be true

1076
00:37:33,910 --> 00:37:32,240
but the mission is simpler and we can

1077
00:37:35,829 --> 00:37:33,920
get there faster

1078
00:37:37,670 --> 00:37:35,839
by just focusing on that

1079
00:37:39,109 --> 00:37:37,680
lower costs and really unlocking the

1080
00:37:40,950 --> 00:37:39,119
potential of the space station getting

1081
00:37:43,349 --> 00:37:40,960
more people and more experiments up

1082
00:37:45,270 --> 00:37:43,359
there next chart please

1083
00:37:48,470 --> 00:37:45,280
the benefits to the nation

1084
00:37:50,550 --> 00:37:48,480
are as we do that we open up a whole new

1085
00:37:52,470 --> 00:37:50,560
economic system or a whole new net

1086
00:37:53,990 --> 00:37:52,480
economic realm to do all sorts of

1087
00:37:57,430 --> 00:37:54,000
different things getting private people

1088
00:37:58,950 --> 00:37:57,440
into space private companies into space

1089
00:38:00,790 --> 00:37:58,960
and and not just government civil

1090
00:38:02,470 --> 00:38:00,800
servants flying we're going to have a

1091
00:38:03,589 --> 00:38:02,480
lot more activity and it's the private

1092
00:38:05,030 --> 00:38:03,599
sector that comes up with these

1093
00:38:06,390 --> 00:38:05,040
innovations and really can drive the

1094
00:38:09,270 --> 00:38:06,400
economy of this

1095
00:38:10,950 --> 00:38:09,280
nasa then 20 30 years from now will be

1096
00:38:11,829 --> 00:38:10,960
looking back on a system where they are

1097
00:38:13,829 --> 00:38:11,839
really

1098
00:38:15,589 --> 00:38:13,839
enabled in their exploration because

1099
00:38:18,150 --> 00:38:15,599
there's so much other activity in space

1100
00:38:20,069 --> 00:38:18,160
and it's not all up to the government

1101
00:38:21,829 --> 00:38:20,079
it's economic competitiveness new

1102
00:38:24,950 --> 00:38:21,839
industries and a space program for

1103
00:38:26,790 --> 00:38:24,960
everyone right right now

1104
00:38:28,390 --> 00:38:26,800
only government civil servants get to

1105
00:38:30,470 --> 00:38:28,400
fly in space and you gotta train for a

1106
00:38:32,310 --> 00:38:30,480
long long time and and you know if you

1107
00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:32,320
apply to the astronaut corps only the

1108
00:38:36,790 --> 00:38:34,400
very few and very lucky get to go very

1109
00:38:39,270 --> 00:38:36,800
good and very courageous people but it's

1110
00:38:40,470 --> 00:38:39,280
very very few people 35 americans

1111
00:38:41,910 --> 00:38:40,480
average

1112
00:38:44,069 --> 00:38:41,920
per year

1113
00:38:45,270 --> 00:38:44,079
five shuttle flights seven people per

1114
00:38:47,670 --> 00:38:45,280
flight

1115
00:38:48,950 --> 00:38:47,680
with the soyuz when we get rid of the

1116
00:38:50,550 --> 00:38:48,960
space shuttle for the soyuz we're going

1117
00:38:52,870 --> 00:38:50,560
to have six people going we're going to

1118
00:38:55,589 --> 00:38:52,880
be buying six seats on soyuz every year

1119
00:38:58,069 --> 00:38:55,599
that really 49 years after

1120
00:39:00,150 --> 00:38:58,079
alan shepard john glenn flew into space

1121
00:39:02,069 --> 00:39:00,160
we ought to be flying hundreds and

1122
00:39:03,829 --> 00:39:02,079
thousands of people every year and this

1123
00:39:05,109 --> 00:39:03,839
is the only change i think that'll get

1124
00:39:06,710 --> 00:39:05,119
us there

1125
00:39:09,670 --> 00:39:06,720
next chart please

1126
00:39:11,510 --> 00:39:09,680
so how are we going to do that

1127
00:39:12,829 --> 00:39:11,520
it's a new partnership

1128
00:39:16,150 --> 00:39:12,839
but it's not

1129
00:39:18,390 --> 00:39:16,160
a incredible change uh from where we've

1130
00:39:20,069 --> 00:39:18,400
been from an industry standpoint it is

1131
00:39:22,550 --> 00:39:20,079
u.s industry as the president said this

1132
00:39:25,670 --> 00:39:22,560
afternoon u.s industry has built every

1133
00:39:27,430 --> 00:39:25,680
spacecraft that americans have flown on

1134
00:39:29,829 --> 00:39:27,440
uh you know except for the russian

1135
00:39:32,069 --> 00:39:29,839
system so american systems have been

1136
00:39:34,310 --> 00:39:32,079
built by u.s industry

1137
00:39:36,470 --> 00:39:34,320
in partnership with nasa it's a change

1138
00:39:37,990 --> 00:39:36,480
in that partnership

1139
00:39:39,349 --> 00:39:38,000
that allows u.s industry to build

1140
00:39:41,910 --> 00:39:39,359
capabilities

1141
00:39:44,470 --> 00:39:41,920
fly them safely with nasa oversight and

1142
00:39:46,790 --> 00:39:44,480
open up these new markets

1143
00:39:48,950 --> 00:39:46,800
this you know it'll be develo systems

1144
00:39:50,390 --> 00:39:48,960
will be developed operated owned by the

1145
00:39:52,390 --> 00:39:50,400
private sector

1146
00:39:55,190 --> 00:39:52,400
they'll meet government needs

1147
00:39:57,030 --> 00:39:55,200
while enabling new markets

1148
00:39:58,550 --> 00:39:57,040
non-government uses

1149
00:40:00,870 --> 00:39:58,560
and most importantly you know a change

1150
00:40:03,589 --> 00:40:00,880
in the contractual mechanism from the

1151
00:40:05,030 --> 00:40:03,599
the cost plus uh sort of typical way we

1152
00:40:07,750 --> 00:40:05,040
have done uh

1153
00:40:10,630 --> 00:40:07,760
business with u.s industry to change to

1154
00:40:12,630 --> 00:40:10,640
a firm fixed price sort of

1155
00:40:14,950 --> 00:40:12,640
you know the

1156
00:40:18,309 --> 00:40:14,960
contractual model the way the the the

1157
00:40:20,069 --> 00:40:18,319
normal commercial sector works down

1158
00:40:21,670 --> 00:40:20,079
nasa will establish those safety

1159
00:40:24,550 --> 00:40:21,680
requirements the program requirements

1160
00:40:26,150 --> 00:40:24,560
how many people how many flights

1161
00:40:28,950 --> 00:40:26,160
how much water they take but also the

1162
00:40:30,150 --> 00:40:28,960
safety requirements for them

1163
00:40:31,910 --> 00:40:30,160
and

1164
00:40:34,309 --> 00:40:31,920
at the same time they won't be dictating

1165
00:40:36,069 --> 00:40:34,319
the specific design so allowing industry

1166
00:40:38,069 --> 00:40:36,079
to come up with in innovative ways to

1167
00:40:39,190 --> 00:40:38,079
meet those safety requirements it's

1168
00:40:41,109 --> 00:40:39,200
going to be key

1169
00:40:41,990 --> 00:40:41,119
and so nasa will be there every step of

1170
00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:42,000
the way

1171
00:40:45,829 --> 00:40:43,760
it's a big change and yet it's only a

1172
00:40:47,510 --> 00:40:45,839
small change in how we do things but it

1173
00:40:50,829 --> 00:40:47,520
unlocks the potential

1174
00:40:53,670 --> 00:40:50,839
for a lot more activity next chart

1175
00:40:55,430 --> 00:40:53,680
please so it's really about enabling new

1176
00:40:57,430 --> 00:40:55,440
markets if government's going to be the

1177
00:40:59,030 --> 00:40:57,440
only market forever and ever then we

1178
00:41:01,190 --> 00:40:59,040
might as well continue to do things the

1179
00:41:03,030 --> 00:41:01,200
same way they are now but what we're

1180
00:41:04,550 --> 00:41:03,040
really talking about is opening up new

1181
00:41:07,829 --> 00:41:04,560
markets now those new markets don't

1182
00:41:09,510 --> 00:41:07,839
exist today other than very small

1183
00:41:11,109 --> 00:41:09,520
it's not going to be in five years that

1184
00:41:12,790 --> 00:41:11,119
commercial is going to dominate but it's

1185
00:41:14,230 --> 00:41:12,800
going to be over the next 10 20 and 30

1186
00:41:16,390 --> 00:41:14,240
years that we're going to see this

1187
00:41:18,710 --> 00:41:16,400
change much the way we did in aviation

1188
00:41:21,430 --> 00:41:18,720
i'll talk about aviation in a moment

1189
00:41:23,510 --> 00:41:21,440
so nasa is going to dominate early on

1190
00:41:25,910 --> 00:41:23,520
but those other markets will come those

1191
00:41:27,829 --> 00:41:25,920
other markets include other governments

1192
00:41:29,670 --> 00:41:27,839
foreign governments that want to fly

1193
00:41:30,950 --> 00:41:29,680
people in space they see the potential

1194
00:41:33,589 --> 00:41:30,960
of space they want to unlock that

1195
00:41:35,109 --> 00:41:33,599
potential for their own purposes there's

1196
00:41:36,710 --> 00:41:35,119
national pride involved they also want

1197
00:41:38,950 --> 00:41:36,720
to train people so i think there's a

1198
00:41:41,750 --> 00:41:38,960
real market there near term for what we

1199
00:41:43,829 --> 00:41:41,760
would call other sovereign governments

1200
00:41:46,829 --> 00:41:43,839
businesses to exploit microgravity like

1201
00:41:49,990 --> 00:41:46,839
tom was talking about with astrogenetics

1202
00:41:51,510 --> 00:41:50,000
um other pharmaceutical companies other

1203
00:41:54,230 --> 00:41:51,520
activities in space

1204
00:41:56,470 --> 00:41:54,240
the uses today for the computer

1205
00:41:59,190 --> 00:41:56,480
uh you know are are things that we never

1206
00:42:00,790 --> 00:41:59,200
dreamed about and when the home computer

1207
00:42:03,430 --> 00:42:00,800
the personal computer was introduced in

1208
00:42:05,589 --> 00:42:03,440
the late 70s early 80s we could have

1209
00:42:07,349 --> 00:42:05,599
never dreamed that we'd have so much

1210
00:42:08,790 --> 00:42:07,359
computing power in our hands we take it

1211
00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:08,800
everywhere and we access the internet

1212
00:42:12,470 --> 00:42:10,480
all the time we can't live without these

1213
00:42:15,430 --> 00:42:12,480
things today and yet

1214
00:42:17,430 --> 00:42:15,440
they were unheard of not even thought of

1215
00:42:19,589 --> 00:42:17,440
long after even

1216
00:42:21,430 --> 00:42:19,599
we had landed on the moon so everything

1217
00:42:23,589 --> 00:42:21,440
has changed in some worlds and not much

1218
00:42:26,710 --> 00:42:23,599
has changed in other markets

1219
00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:26,720
and time is is now to to start here so

1220
00:42:32,069 --> 00:42:29,200
the payback then to u.s leadership in

1221
00:42:35,030 --> 00:42:32,079
space uh to the economy

1222
00:42:37,510 --> 00:42:35,040
uh you know into to developing

1223
00:42:39,270 --> 00:42:37,520
better safer systems to flying

1224
00:42:41,670 --> 00:42:39,280
astronauts into space

1225
00:42:44,550 --> 00:42:41,680
that the payoff there the payback there

1226
00:42:46,470 --> 00:42:44,560
uh will be immeasurable i believe

1227
00:42:47,990 --> 00:42:46,480
next chart please

1228
00:42:49,349 --> 00:42:48,000
in aviation

1229
00:42:52,309 --> 00:42:49,359
this is kind of a messy chart but

1230
00:42:53,829 --> 00:42:52,319
aviation really is the analog

1231
00:42:55,190 --> 00:42:53,839
the u.s

1232
00:42:58,069 --> 00:42:55,200
industry

1233
00:42:59,829 --> 00:42:58,079
had the lead in aviation we founded it

1234
00:43:01,349 --> 00:42:59,839
the wright brothers in 1903 were the

1235
00:43:03,670 --> 00:43:01,359
first to fly

1236
00:43:06,790 --> 00:43:03,680
fifteen years later we were well behind

1237
00:43:07,990 --> 00:43:06,800
the europeans french germans inspec in

1238
00:43:10,390 --> 00:43:08,000
aviation

1239
00:43:12,870 --> 00:43:10,400
and it took government enabling

1240
00:43:14,470 --> 00:43:12,880
that activity to come in to do the

1241
00:43:17,270 --> 00:43:14,480
things that government does best invest

1242
00:43:18,710 --> 00:43:17,280
in r d become a customer and develop and

1243
00:43:20,790 --> 00:43:18,720
operate things that are specific for

1244
00:43:22,870 --> 00:43:20,800
needs for the government

1245
00:43:23,910 --> 00:43:22,880
for aviation military aviation for

1246
00:43:28,150 --> 00:43:23,920
example

1247
00:43:30,069 --> 00:43:28,160
necessarily true for space flight

1248
00:43:31,750 --> 00:43:30,079
there's nothing unique about just

1249
00:43:33,430 --> 00:43:31,760
getting to space that should be a

1250
00:43:35,510 --> 00:43:33,440
government-only function forever and

1251
00:43:37,109 --> 00:43:35,520
ever it's time to transition that to the

1252
00:43:38,309 --> 00:43:37,119
private sector

1253
00:43:39,430 --> 00:43:38,319
if you look

1254
00:43:42,150 --> 00:43:39,440
at what

1255
00:43:44,150 --> 00:43:42,160
the the naca um

1256
00:43:45,589 --> 00:43:44,160
you know uh government involvement in

1257
00:43:47,510 --> 00:43:45,599
aviation did

1258
00:43:48,790 --> 00:43:47,520
uh for aviation it turned it into a

1259
00:43:52,470 --> 00:43:48,800
golden era

1260
00:43:53,829 --> 00:43:52,480
a golden age of of increased uh rapid

1261
00:43:55,990 --> 00:43:53,839
development of new systems new

1262
00:43:58,470 --> 00:43:56,000
prototypes people starting to fly

1263
00:44:00,150 --> 00:43:58,480
and for different purposes first in

1264
00:44:01,990 --> 00:44:00,160
terms of tourists we had first writ a

1265
00:44:04,069 --> 00:44:02,000
lot of rich people flying

1266
00:44:05,589 --> 00:44:04,079
uh kicking off the market for all of us

1267
00:44:07,670 --> 00:44:05,599
and today it's ingrained in the global

1268
00:44:09,190 --> 00:44:07,680
economy in a way that

1269
00:44:11,349 --> 00:44:09,200
people could not have imagined a hundred

1270
00:44:13,829 --> 00:44:11,359
years ago we need to do that for space

1271
00:44:15,430 --> 00:44:13,839
next chart please

1272
00:44:17,349 --> 00:44:15,440
and so here's

1273
00:44:19,670 --> 00:44:17,359
where we are with space

1274
00:44:21,750 --> 00:44:19,680
up until today we've never flown more

1275
00:44:23,510 --> 00:44:21,760
than about 50 people a year

1276
00:44:25,510 --> 00:44:23,520
in the us

1277
00:44:28,309 --> 00:44:25,520
we need to change that

1278
00:44:29,109 --> 00:44:28,319
i think with in the post shuttle era

1279
00:44:31,190 --> 00:44:29,119
with

1280
00:44:33,030 --> 00:44:31,200
private human space flight capabilities

1281
00:44:35,030 --> 00:44:33,040
enabled by nasa

1282
00:44:36,790 --> 00:44:35,040
we will end up with thousands

1283
00:44:39,109 --> 00:44:36,800
and tens of thousands of people flying

1284
00:44:41,430 --> 00:44:39,119
into space over the next 50 years we've

1285
00:44:42,950 --> 00:44:41,440
had 50 years of human space flight and

1286
00:44:45,670 --> 00:44:42,960
never have we put more than 50 people in

1287
00:44:47,829 --> 00:44:45,680
space in one year or about 50 people and

1288
00:44:49,990 --> 00:44:47,839
so while nasa's activity will greatly

1289
00:44:53,430 --> 00:44:50,000
increase i think that's only because

1290
00:44:54,550 --> 00:44:53,440
private activity will increase even more

1291
00:44:57,430 --> 00:44:54,560
and finally i just want to leave you

1292
00:44:58,470 --> 00:44:57,440
with the next chart which just shows a

1293
00:45:01,109 --> 00:44:58,480
range

1294
00:45:02,870 --> 00:45:01,119
uh oh sorry actually

1295
00:45:05,109 --> 00:45:02,880
first let me before i conclude let me

1296
00:45:06,710 --> 00:45:05,119
talk about the direct jobs that will be

1297
00:45:09,349 --> 00:45:06,720
created by the commercial crew program

1298
00:45:10,950 --> 00:45:09,359
that's proposed by the president

1299
00:45:12,630 --> 00:45:10,960
we recently commissioned a study by an

1300
00:45:14,309 --> 00:45:12,640
independent outside company called the

1301
00:45:16,550 --> 00:45:14,319
torai group

1302
00:45:18,309 --> 00:45:16,560
to look at the 6.1 billion dollars that

1303
00:45:20,550 --> 00:45:18,319
president obama's budget has in there

1304
00:45:21,990 --> 00:45:20,560
for commercial crew and cargo activities

1305
00:45:23,270 --> 00:45:22,000
we didn't include all sorts of other

1306
00:45:25,030 --> 00:45:23,280
monies that are in there we just said

1307
00:45:27,430 --> 00:45:25,040
what is this 6.1 billion dollars going

1308
00:45:31,109 --> 00:45:27,440
to go for and how many jobs will create

1309
00:45:33,510 --> 00:45:31,119
it's an average of 11 800 jobs

1310
00:45:35,030 --> 00:45:33,520
every year for the next five years

1311
00:45:36,790 --> 00:45:35,040
now that's not additive that's twelve

1312
00:45:38,390 --> 00:45:36,800
thousand roughly twelve thousand jobs

1313
00:45:39,990 --> 00:45:38,400
that are going to be there

1314
00:45:41,670 --> 00:45:40,000
for that five year period based on this

1315
00:45:43,430 --> 00:45:41,680
funding

1316
00:45:45,670 --> 00:45:43,440
a lot of those jobs about fifty about

1317
00:45:47,829 --> 00:45:45,680
twenty five percent of that money of 1.3

1318
00:45:49,990 --> 00:45:47,839
to 1.5 billion dollars of that is

1319
00:45:51,910 --> 00:45:50,000
directly related to launch activities

1320
00:45:53,670 --> 00:45:51,920
it's launch infrastructure it's building

1321
00:45:56,550 --> 00:45:53,680
launch vehicles it's the launch

1322
00:45:57,829 --> 00:45:56,560
operations a large chunk of that 1.5

1323
00:45:58,870 --> 00:45:57,839
billion is going to happen right here at

1324
00:46:02,309 --> 00:45:58,880
the cape

1325
00:46:04,470 --> 00:46:02,319
and so 25 of the money related to launch

1326
00:46:05,829 --> 00:46:04,480
you know a huge chunk of those jobs will

1327
00:46:07,430 --> 00:46:05,839
also be right here at the cape and of

1328
00:46:08,390 --> 00:46:07,440
course florida can get a lot more of

1329
00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:08,400
that

1330
00:46:12,230 --> 00:46:10,800
activity uh if it branches out into

1331
00:46:14,470 --> 00:46:12,240
other parts of manufacturing and

1332
00:46:15,910 --> 00:46:14,480
processing and assembly of vehicles

1333
00:46:18,309 --> 00:46:15,920
so these are very important numbers i

1334
00:46:20,390 --> 00:46:18,319
think they're very robust and i think

1335
00:46:23,109 --> 00:46:20,400
uh the rigor the analytical rigor behind

1336
00:46:25,030 --> 00:46:23,119
them uh is tremendous uh and they really

1337
00:46:26,309 --> 00:46:25,040
are well sourced

1338
00:46:27,270 --> 00:46:26,319
next

1339
00:46:28,870 --> 00:46:27,280
chart

1340
00:46:31,190 --> 00:46:28,880
so i just want to leave you with this

1341
00:46:32,870 --> 00:46:31,200
that there's a lot of

1342
00:46:33,990 --> 00:46:32,880
that can happen because of commercial

1343
00:46:36,390 --> 00:46:34,000
crew

1344
00:46:37,430 --> 00:46:36,400
um it's a good program it changes

1345
00:46:40,309 --> 00:46:37,440
everything

1346
00:46:43,270 --> 00:46:40,319
uh over time uh and the time is now so

1347
00:46:44,630 --> 00:46:43,280
thank you very much thank you very much

1348
00:46:45,589 --> 00:46:44,640
all right

1349
00:46:46,790 --> 00:46:45,599
everyone

1350
00:46:48,390 --> 00:46:46,800
i certainly want to encourage any

1351
00:46:49,670 --> 00:46:48,400
questions or comments from the crowd so

1352
00:46:50,630 --> 00:46:49,680
uh if you have something to start

1353
00:46:52,710 --> 00:46:50,640
raising your hand we're going to get a

1354
00:46:53,670 --> 00:46:52,720
microphone to you um oh you have one

1355
00:46:55,430 --> 00:46:53,680
right away

1356
00:46:57,829 --> 00:46:55,440
yeah okay no i'm sorry i i've

1357
00:46:59,430 --> 00:46:57,839
misunderstood so uh mike full let's uh

1358
00:47:01,670 --> 00:46:59,440
talk a little bit about uh the vision

1359
00:47:03,349 --> 00:47:01,680
here uh first of all going back to what

1360
00:47:05,109 --> 00:47:03,359
the president said today and and and

1361
00:47:07,990 --> 00:47:05,119
we've this had leaked out a couple of

1362
00:47:10,950 --> 00:47:08,000
days ago but this notion of building uh

1363
00:47:13,270 --> 00:47:10,960
a crew life boat orion light is the term

1364
00:47:17,030 --> 00:47:13,280
um what do you think of that idea and

1365
00:47:21,109 --> 00:47:19,190
uh

1366
00:47:22,390 --> 00:47:21,119
it was it was a very relevant and in

1367
00:47:24,470 --> 00:47:22,400
fact um

1368
00:47:25,990 --> 00:47:24,480
important announcement recognition i

1369
00:47:26,870 --> 00:47:26,000
think is the way to put it

1370
00:47:27,990 --> 00:47:26,880
the way

1371
00:47:29,750 --> 00:47:28,000
the action office when they were

1372
00:47:31,750 --> 00:47:29,760
assessing

1373
00:47:33,109 --> 00:47:31,760
the transition to commercial crew and

1374
00:47:36,870 --> 00:47:33,119
what it meant for

1375
00:47:38,950 --> 00:47:36,880
the nasa government astronaut employee

1376
00:47:39,990 --> 00:47:38,960
we had a long discussion internally

1377
00:47:41,990 --> 00:47:40,000
about

1378
00:47:43,510 --> 00:47:42,000
what you know uh

1379
00:47:45,030 --> 00:47:43,520
should there be a government vehicle at

1380
00:47:46,790 --> 00:47:45,040
all times to take us to uh the

1381
00:47:49,109 --> 00:47:46,800
international space station

1382
00:47:52,549 --> 00:47:49,119
um i personally believe that uh having a

1383
00:47:56,549 --> 00:47:54,150
and funded in the normal traditional

1384
00:47:58,630 --> 00:47:56,559
contractual way would be a competition

1385
00:48:00,790 --> 00:47:58,640
to the commercial enterprise that you're

1386
00:48:02,630 --> 00:48:00,800
trying to foster so i i didn't see that

1387
00:48:04,309 --> 00:48:02,640
as being particularly

1388
00:48:07,270 --> 00:48:04,319
positive but is that is that fair

1389
00:48:09,109 --> 00:48:07,280
competition you think i i think what the

1390
00:48:11,510 --> 00:48:09,119
what they've recently announced is that

1391
00:48:13,349 --> 00:48:11,520
the uh orion spacecraft will actually

1392
00:48:15,589 --> 00:48:13,359
just be a return vehicle so it won't be

1393
00:48:17,829 --> 00:48:15,599
taking people up uh it'll be there as a

1394
00:48:19,510 --> 00:48:17,839
lifeboat for several years at a time and

1395
00:48:21,829 --> 00:48:19,520
doesn't present competition to the

1396
00:48:23,270 --> 00:48:21,839
commercial side and in fact it's

1397
00:48:24,790 --> 00:48:23,280
actually a good thing for the commercial

1398
00:48:27,589 --> 00:48:24,800
side because it gets

1399
00:48:29,510 --> 00:48:27,599
those uh entities uh out of the

1400
00:48:30,950 --> 00:48:29,520
day-to-day continual operation of the

1401
00:48:34,630 --> 00:48:30,960
station they're not an integral function

1402
00:48:37,349 --> 00:48:34,640
of the station 24 7 365 days a year for

1403
00:48:39,030 --> 00:48:37,359
years on end it's really all about

1404
00:48:40,710 --> 00:48:39,040
uh they will be operational only in

1405
00:48:42,549 --> 00:48:40,720
those you know one week or two week long

1406
00:48:44,470 --> 00:48:42,559
trips that they make up so i think it's

1407
00:48:46,710 --> 00:48:44,480
a good thing both for commercial crew

1408
00:48:48,309 --> 00:48:46,720
program and the way it's being designed

1409
00:48:50,069 --> 00:48:48,319
as well as a necessary component of the

1410
00:48:53,670 --> 00:48:50,079
spacecraft and finish your point so so

1411
00:48:58,390 --> 00:48:57,109
i was pleased uh that the investment in

1412
00:49:01,750 --> 00:48:58,400
the

1413
00:49:04,309 --> 00:49:01,760
orion vehicle as a deep space vehicle

1414
00:49:06,470 --> 00:49:04,319
was not going to be thrown away

1415
00:49:08,549 --> 00:49:06,480
and i'm thinking of its solar arrays i'm

1416
00:49:10,230 --> 00:49:08,559
thinking of its thermal systems i'm

1417
00:49:11,430 --> 00:49:10,240
thinking of its ability to leave low

1418
00:49:13,270 --> 00:49:11,440
earth orbit

1419
00:49:15,349 --> 00:49:13,280
and if some of that is left

1420
00:49:17,349 --> 00:49:15,359
in the in the project

1421
00:49:19,190 --> 00:49:17,359
and we come to

1422
00:49:22,309 --> 00:49:19,200
the the point that the ashland office

1423
00:49:24,390 --> 00:49:22,319
came to which was we do need a seat to

1424
00:49:26,710 --> 00:49:24,400
come home from the international space

1425
00:49:28,790 --> 00:49:26,720
station for all visitors

1426
00:49:31,349 --> 00:49:28,800
and permanent crew

1427
00:49:33,109 --> 00:49:31,359
because we can

1428
00:49:34,870 --> 00:49:33,119
since we're in low earth orbit

1429
00:49:37,190 --> 00:49:34,880
if you think of yourself as a ship

1430
00:49:39,670 --> 00:49:37,200
that's sinking the lifeboats don't take

1431
00:49:41,589 --> 00:49:39,680
you to america or to europe they hang

1432
00:49:43,750 --> 00:49:41,599
around until you get picked up that's

1433
00:49:45,030 --> 00:49:43,760
what the lifeboats do but in this case

1434
00:49:46,790 --> 00:49:45,040
we're being told there's going to be a

1435
00:49:48,309 --> 00:49:46,800
lifeboat that can take us all the way

1436
00:49:49,990 --> 00:49:48,319
home

1437
00:49:51,510 --> 00:49:50,000
and that's because we think we can

1438
00:49:52,790 --> 00:49:51,520
morally i think there's a reason to

1439
00:49:54,470 --> 00:49:52,800
justify

1440
00:49:55,829 --> 00:49:54,480
given that you have that lifeboat

1441
00:49:58,549 --> 00:49:55,839
capability now

1442
00:49:59,910 --> 00:49:58,559
part of the president's plan

1443
00:50:01,829 --> 00:49:59,920
it does mean that the commercial

1444
00:50:04,069 --> 00:50:01,839
entities

1445
00:50:06,710 --> 00:50:04,079
and i would mention uh

1446
00:50:08,470 --> 00:50:06,720
boeing for example uh

1447
00:50:09,829 --> 00:50:08,480
spacex

1448
00:50:11,910 --> 00:50:09,839
those are two other entities that are

1449
00:50:13,270 --> 00:50:11,920
bidding on commercial or not bidding yet

1450
00:50:15,030 --> 00:50:13,280
but they're interested in commercial

1451
00:50:17,510 --> 00:50:15,040
services they could also offer to

1452
00:50:19,829 --> 00:50:17,520
provide the lifeboat function

1453
00:50:21,829 --> 00:50:19,839
and i just have to hope that that is not

1454
00:50:24,069 --> 00:50:21,839
in competition with or the government is

1455
00:50:26,950 --> 00:50:24,079
not competing with those offers so that

1456
00:50:29,829 --> 00:50:26,960
has to work itself out the deep space

1457
00:50:33,030 --> 00:50:31,829
orion vehicle is very very interesting

1458
00:50:34,870 --> 00:50:33,040
to me

1459
00:50:36,710 --> 00:50:34,880
and uh indeed of course i believe the

1460
00:50:38,710 --> 00:50:36,720
lockheed company will

1461
00:50:41,109 --> 00:50:38,720
lockheed martin will look at it as their

1462
00:50:43,030 --> 00:50:41,119
opportunity to take people to space also

1463
00:50:45,589 --> 00:50:43,040
to space not that the government will

1464
00:50:47,270 --> 00:50:45,599
pay for that as a contract but that they

1465
00:50:48,470 --> 00:50:47,280
will probably take that opportunity to

1466
00:50:50,470 --> 00:50:48,480
do that

1467
00:50:53,270 --> 00:50:50,480
but the uh the question then is if you

1468
00:50:55,670 --> 00:50:53,280
have a vehicle there that's purely for

1469
00:50:58,710 --> 00:50:55,680
lifeboat services and is rated for human

1470
00:51:01,670 --> 00:50:58,720
beings coming down

1471
00:51:04,790 --> 00:51:01,680
but not up because the the launchers are

1472
00:51:06,630 --> 00:51:04,800
not yet rated to carry them up

1473
00:51:08,390 --> 00:51:06,640
or there may not be an escape system

1474
00:51:10,309 --> 00:51:08,400
then when that vehicle's been there for

1475
00:51:13,510 --> 00:51:10,319
say six months or two years whatever the

1476
00:51:17,109 --> 00:51:15,829
we could get to that tourist model

1477
00:51:19,910 --> 00:51:17,119
that the russians have been thinking

1478
00:51:23,190 --> 00:51:19,920
about for more than five years

1479
00:51:24,790 --> 00:51:23,200
where by a descending

1480
00:51:26,950 --> 00:51:24,800
lifeboat

1481
00:51:29,270 --> 00:51:26,960
doesn't go straight to earth but it is

1482
00:51:30,870 --> 00:51:29,280
joined up with

1483
00:51:34,390 --> 00:51:30,880
a launched

1484
00:51:37,270 --> 00:51:34,400
earth departure stage on a an expendable

1485
00:51:38,549 --> 00:51:37,280
that docks with the descending

1486
00:51:41,190 --> 00:51:38,559
lifeboat

1487
00:51:45,589 --> 00:51:41,200
and is then boosted in a round-the-moon

1488
00:51:46,309 --> 00:51:45,599
flight for six days before doing

1489
00:52:02,309 --> 00:51:46,319
a

1490
00:52:04,950 --> 00:52:02,319
the 70s

1491
00:52:08,390 --> 00:52:04,960
whereby using this using the thermal

1492
00:52:09,349 --> 00:52:08,400
protection system of the soyuz if the ce

1493
00:52:10,390 --> 00:52:09,359
if the

1494
00:52:12,390 --> 00:52:10,400
orion

1495
00:52:13,750 --> 00:52:12,400
return vehicle had the

1496
00:52:15,829 --> 00:52:13,760
the thermal

1497
00:52:18,790 --> 00:52:15,839
protection system on it that it was

1498
00:52:20,710 --> 00:52:18,800
being designed to have to return from

1499
00:52:22,390 --> 00:52:20,720
the moon it could actually do a

1500
00:52:24,790 --> 00:52:22,400
round-the-moon flight

1501
00:52:27,750 --> 00:52:24,800
on the way back from serving its purpose

1502
00:52:31,109 --> 00:52:27,760
as a lifeboat at the station

1503
00:52:32,790 --> 00:52:31,119
what i like about that possibility is

1504
00:52:35,349 --> 00:52:32,800
the opportunity to

1505
00:52:36,950 --> 00:52:35,359
start leaving low earth orbit and going

1506
00:52:41,030 --> 00:52:36,960
after the propellant

1507
00:52:41,910 --> 00:52:41,040
i farm ideas of using l1 as a transition

1508
00:52:44,829 --> 00:52:41,920
point

1509
00:52:46,710 --> 00:52:44,839
um out of low earth orbit beyond the

1510
00:52:49,270 --> 00:52:46,720
moon and

1511
00:52:51,190 --> 00:52:49,280
it also allows us to offer a parallel

1512
00:52:53,270 --> 00:52:51,200
path to the russians to do something

1513
00:52:55,109 --> 00:52:53,280
similar

1514
00:52:56,870 --> 00:52:55,119
so that in the end

1515
00:52:59,510 --> 00:52:56,880
having this capability to use the space

1516
00:53:00,790 --> 00:52:59,520
station as a transportation node out of

1517
00:53:04,630 --> 00:53:00,800
low earth orbit

1518
00:53:06,950 --> 00:53:04,640
to l1 and beyond um

1519
00:53:08,470 --> 00:53:06,960
would have some significant value

1520
00:53:10,069 --> 00:53:08,480
because if we were building a redundant

1521
00:53:11,510 --> 00:53:10,079
path if we could get our partners to do

1522
00:53:13,670 --> 00:53:11,520
the same thing

1523
00:53:17,030 --> 00:53:13,680
tom let's talk a little bit about um

1524
00:53:18,870 --> 00:53:17,040
conducting research on on the station uh

1525
00:53:20,870 --> 00:53:18,880
you've had great dealings with nasa it

1526
00:53:22,630 --> 00:53:20,880
sounds like you you you don't need

1527
00:53:24,150 --> 00:53:22,640
anything fixed in order to do business

1528
00:53:26,790 --> 00:53:24,160
but some have suggested maybe you have

1529
00:53:28,390 --> 00:53:26,800
to set up some sort of non-profit entity

1530
00:53:29,589 --> 00:53:28,400
i know that that's been talked about to

1531
00:53:31,109 --> 00:53:29,599
sort of

1532
00:53:35,190 --> 00:53:31,119
channel

1533
00:53:36,549 --> 00:53:35,200
researchers and nasa and the station is

1534
00:53:38,470 --> 00:53:36,559
that necessary is that just an extra

1535
00:53:40,870 --> 00:53:38,480
layer can you do business just fine as

1536
00:53:46,710 --> 00:53:43,430
i think that when they were flying most

1537
00:53:49,190 --> 00:53:46,720
of the science back in the um

1538
00:53:50,950 --> 00:53:49,200
early 2000s and

1539
00:53:52,790 --> 00:53:50,960
late 1990s

1540
00:53:55,030 --> 00:53:52,800
they had a pro they had a program where

1541
00:53:56,150 --> 00:53:55,040
nasa took money from their budget and

1542
00:53:57,670 --> 00:53:56,160
they put it through the centers of

1543
00:53:58,549 --> 00:53:57,680
excellence the centers of excellence

1544
00:54:00,710 --> 00:53:58,559
then

1545
00:54:03,109 --> 00:54:00,720
they submitted what they thought their

1546
00:54:05,589 --> 00:54:03,119
research and best research to be

1547
00:54:07,430 --> 00:54:05,599
proposed and accepted was they had a

1548
00:54:09,510 --> 00:54:07,440
review committee the review committee

1549
00:54:11,510 --> 00:54:09,520
went over that the pis were selected and

1550
00:54:13,109 --> 00:54:11,520
the experiments were selected and then

1551
00:54:14,470 --> 00:54:13,119
they were put into a manifest that

1552
00:54:16,950 --> 00:54:14,480
slipped a lot because they were

1553
00:54:20,309 --> 00:54:16,960
constructing the station admittedly and

1554
00:54:22,790 --> 00:54:20,319
but they did fly eventually

1555
00:54:24,069 --> 00:54:22,800
how do i feel about that program i guess

1556
00:54:26,470 --> 00:54:24,079
is really where you have to you have to

1557
00:54:27,750 --> 00:54:26,480
begin the answer to what you're you're

1558
00:54:29,270 --> 00:54:27,760
just asking

1559
00:54:30,230 --> 00:54:29,280
um

1560
00:54:32,069 --> 00:54:30,240
i've looked through all those

1561
00:54:33,829 --> 00:54:32,079
experiments and i saw

1562
00:54:35,910 --> 00:54:33,839
kind of between the lines when you start

1563
00:54:38,309 --> 00:54:35,920
reading hundreds of these

1564
00:54:40,390 --> 00:54:38,319
you you start reading into each one of

1565
00:54:42,390 --> 00:54:40,400
these reports that's mandated by the

1566
00:54:44,150 --> 00:54:42,400
nasa funding that the pis have to

1567
00:54:46,230 --> 00:54:44,160
provide and so the reports kind of fit

1568
00:54:48,230 --> 00:54:46,240
into this one format

1569
00:54:49,750 --> 00:54:48,240
and they're kind of it's sort of a

1570
00:54:51,430 --> 00:54:49,760
cinderella's

1571
00:54:52,950 --> 00:54:51,440
shoe kind of thing you know sometimes it

1572
00:54:54,069 --> 00:54:52,960
doesn't fit but they put it in there

1573
00:54:55,430 --> 00:54:54,079
anyway

1574
00:54:57,030 --> 00:54:55,440
and it

1575
00:54:58,230 --> 00:54:57,040
you know but you get to where you get

1576
00:55:00,309 --> 00:54:58,240
really good at kind of reading in

1577
00:55:02,789 --> 00:55:00,319
between the lines and then we did a lot

1578
00:55:05,349 --> 00:55:02,799
of communications with the pis that were

1579
00:55:07,430 --> 00:55:05,359
then conducting the the experiments back

1580
00:55:09,990 --> 00:55:07,440
then if we if it caught our interest and

1581
00:55:12,950 --> 00:55:10,000
we did a lot of that interplay as well

1582
00:55:14,069 --> 00:55:12,960
um i think that it it worked good at the

1583
00:55:16,069 --> 00:55:14,079
time

1584
00:55:17,589 --> 00:55:16,079
i think that it probably could be

1585
00:55:21,910 --> 00:55:17,599
improved upon

1586
00:55:25,270 --> 00:55:21,920
i don't like seeing nasa money that is

1587
00:55:29,190 --> 00:55:25,280
being diverted through really a manned

1588
00:55:31,190 --> 00:55:29,200
space flight space hardware

1589
00:55:33,510 --> 00:55:31,200
entity called nasa

1590
00:55:35,510 --> 00:55:33,520
and you're trying to go and put science

1591
00:55:38,549 --> 00:55:35,520
up there i really think that's the role

1592
00:55:40,950 --> 00:55:38,559
of the nih in the nsf frankly i'd like

1593
00:55:42,950 --> 00:55:40,960
to ask you did mention tom uh the the

1594
00:55:44,870 --> 00:55:42,960
other labs doing a lot of the stuff i

1595
00:55:46,390 --> 00:55:44,880
believe that's where a lot of the other

1596
00:55:53,990 --> 00:55:46,400
traffic should come from is from the

1597
00:55:58,150 --> 00:55:56,549
as i tell my kids it's just money

1598
00:55:59,589 --> 00:55:58,160
you know and let me add to that though

1599
00:56:01,990 --> 00:55:59,599
that you know when you get into a

1600
00:56:04,789 --> 00:56:02,000
commercial module our model for

1601
00:56:06,630 --> 00:56:04,799
providing services crew as well as cargo

1602
00:56:08,950 --> 00:56:06,640
they're incentivized to go out to those

1603
00:56:11,430 --> 00:56:08,960
other areas as other agencies and find

1604
00:56:13,349 --> 00:56:11,440
customers you know you are incentivized

1605
00:56:15,270 --> 00:56:13,359
to go out and find customers if we leave

1606
00:56:16,549 --> 00:56:15,280
it up to nasa you know they're not

1607
00:56:17,910 --> 00:56:16,559
incentivizing that's not their business

1608
00:56:19,910 --> 00:56:17,920
it's not about business it's not their

1609
00:56:21,589 --> 00:56:19,920
business they did the best they could i

1610
00:56:24,230 --> 00:56:21,599
mean every time anybody ever asked me

1611
00:56:26,789 --> 00:56:24,240
what they think what i think of nasa i

1612
00:56:27,829 --> 00:56:26,799
you know darner get teary-eyed yeah i

1613
00:56:30,710 --> 00:56:27,839
love them

1614
00:56:32,950 --> 00:56:30,720
what they do they do beautifully and you

1615
00:56:35,030 --> 00:56:32,960
know yeah well it may cost more they

1616
00:56:37,670 --> 00:56:35,040
made this or whatever i don't care the

1617
00:56:39,829 --> 00:56:37,680
results are we have a a national

1618
00:56:43,270 --> 00:56:39,839
laboratory that's floating around right

1619
00:56:44,710 --> 00:56:43,280
now at 17 500 miles an hour at 220 miles

1620
00:56:46,789 --> 00:56:44,720
up with six people in it and they're

1621
00:56:50,950 --> 00:56:46,799
living very comfortably as you just saw

1622
00:56:52,710 --> 00:56:50,960
i mean that's i don't care what kind of

1623
00:56:55,109 --> 00:56:52,720
you know criticism you can put on

1624
00:56:57,589 --> 00:56:55,119
something the results are always if

1625
00:56:59,990 --> 00:56:57,599
they're put in nasa's

1626
00:57:02,470 --> 00:57:00,000
their their whole mentality in the whole

1627
00:57:05,829 --> 00:57:02,480
kind of atmosphere that's at nasa is one

1628
00:57:07,990 --> 00:57:05,839
for success and they get the job done

1629
00:57:10,230 --> 00:57:08,000
but this isn't their job this is what

1630
00:57:12,069 --> 00:57:10,240
the nih is supposed to do with their 20

1631
00:57:14,549 --> 00:57:12,079
billion dollars that they get each year

1632
00:57:16,710 --> 00:57:14,559
and the nsf and there's plenty of other

1633
00:57:18,710 --> 00:57:16,720
things too the ag department has

1634
00:57:20,069 --> 00:57:18,720
research dollars as well and there's

1635
00:57:22,230 --> 00:57:20,079
lots of things that says that if you

1636
00:57:24,069 --> 00:57:22,240
grow microbes up there in my little

1637
00:57:26,710 --> 00:57:24,079
microbes or you can also grow things

1638
00:57:28,870 --> 00:57:26,720
like algae and you can find super algae

1639
00:57:30,870 --> 00:57:28,880
and come back and find the genetics of

1640
00:57:32,710 --> 00:57:30,880
how to replicate that and you can create

1641
00:57:34,150 --> 00:57:32,720
an algae that could go into a biofuel

1642
00:57:35,750 --> 00:57:34,160
that could end up maybe changing the

1643
00:57:37,190 --> 00:57:35,760
world but you don't know that yet

1644
00:57:38,470 --> 00:57:37,200
because the basic science hasn't been

1645
00:57:40,069 --> 00:57:38,480
done there's been theory and there's

1646
00:57:41,910 --> 00:57:40,079
been a little bit of a few attempts to

1647
00:57:43,750 --> 00:57:41,920
do that but there's not anything that's

1648
00:57:45,990 --> 00:57:43,760
been conclusive of it so the answer to

1649
00:57:48,470 --> 00:57:46,000
you is is a non-profit we already have

1650
00:57:51,109 --> 00:57:48,480
one it's called the nih it's called the

1651
00:57:52,950 --> 00:57:51,119
nsf do we want to create a new one well

1652
00:57:54,870 --> 00:57:52,960
maybe if you want to go get you know the

1653
00:57:56,470 --> 00:57:54,880
the you know bill and melinda gates

1654
00:57:57,750 --> 00:57:56,480
foundation to go put money into

1655
00:58:01,190 --> 00:57:57,760
something

1656
00:58:02,230 --> 00:58:01,200
maybe or outside contributors i guess so

1657
00:58:03,750 --> 00:58:02,240
um

1658
00:58:05,910 --> 00:58:03,760
if it's private it's from the private

1659
00:58:06,789 --> 00:58:05,920
sector no one's ever tried to do that

1660
00:58:08,230 --> 00:58:06,799
but it's important to have that

1661
00:58:09,990 --> 00:58:08,240
structure you think whatever it is

1662
00:58:11,990 --> 00:58:10,000
whether it's the nih or for basic

1663
00:58:13,990 --> 00:58:12,000
science you bet i don't think that you

1664
00:58:15,910 --> 00:58:14,000
can go get somebody who can't get money

1665
00:58:17,510 --> 00:58:15,920
for basic science right it's not it's

1666
00:58:19,030 --> 00:58:17,520
too new yeah and you know what we're

1667
00:58:21,750 --> 00:58:19,040
used to it there's another thing there

1668
00:58:23,030 --> 00:58:21,760
too is we're used to it being you know

1669
00:58:24,950 --> 00:58:23,040
that's that the government pays for

1670
00:58:26,710 --> 00:58:24,960
basic science yeah i just got the rap

1671
00:58:28,069 --> 00:58:26,720
cue does anybody have a quick we've got

1672
00:58:29,750 --> 00:58:28,079
an awesome audience i mean they're more

1673
00:58:31,349 --> 00:58:29,760
quiet now i know well i want to hear

1674
00:58:32,230 --> 00:58:31,359
what they think just a little bit yeah

1675
00:58:33,750 --> 00:58:32,240
go ahead

1676
00:58:35,430 --> 00:58:33,760
well okay a quick question one of you

1677
00:58:38,390 --> 00:58:35,440
were talking about increasing access and

1678
00:58:40,950 --> 00:58:38,400
i saw one of the slides why don't we

1679
00:58:45,270 --> 00:58:40,960
open to more international partners you

1680
00:58:49,829 --> 00:58:47,190
the big yeah the chinese i mean you know

1681
00:58:51,990 --> 00:58:49,839
obviously they got me unrated things and

1682
00:58:56,950 --> 00:58:52,000
why don't we get them involved

1683
00:59:01,510 --> 00:58:59,430
somebody wants that question i i don't i

1684
00:59:02,789 --> 00:59:01,520
don't think that that's necessarily

1685
00:59:04,870 --> 00:59:02,799
a bad thing

1686
00:59:06,470 --> 00:59:04,880
that but that's a foreign policy issue

1687
00:59:08,789 --> 00:59:06,480
and that's not really about whether we

1688
00:59:10,390 --> 00:59:08,799
have access to the station or not that

1689
00:59:12,230 --> 00:59:10,400
that were done in access that mike was

1690
00:59:14,789 --> 00:59:12,240
talking about we need two u.s

1691
00:59:16,549 --> 00:59:14,799
capabilities to get there uh

1692
00:59:18,950 --> 00:59:16,559
regardless of our international partners

1693
00:59:21,109 --> 00:59:18,960
that's what u.s leadership in u.s you

1694
00:59:22,870 --> 00:59:21,119
know independence in space really means

1695
00:59:24,470 --> 00:59:22,880
so we can invite partners in or we

1696
00:59:26,710 --> 00:59:24,480
cannot invite them in based on foreign

1697
00:59:29,109 --> 00:59:26,720
policy but having that that access

1698
00:59:31,990 --> 00:59:29,119
ourselves is is good and and having this

1699
00:59:34,309 --> 00:59:32,000
uh this uh crew return module that that

1700
00:59:36,549 --> 00:59:34,319
you know uh that we talked about was was

1701
00:59:39,670 --> 00:59:36,559
something that was planned originally on

1702
00:59:43,589 --> 00:59:39,680
space station freedom and iss uh and was

1703
00:59:45,510 --> 00:59:43,599
was canceled about 10 years ago

1704
00:59:47,190 --> 00:59:45,520
but it's a capability that also provides

1705
00:59:49,270 --> 00:59:47,200
us that independence rather than relying

1706
00:59:51,510 --> 00:59:49,280
on our foreign partners for it so so in

1707
00:59:53,990 --> 00:59:51,520
developing that that the the the

1708
00:59:55,990 --> 00:59:54,000
multiple commercial capabilities you

1709
00:59:59,109 --> 00:59:56,000
know nasa's put forward a 6.1 billion

1710
01:00:00,870 --> 00:59:59,119
dollar budget that's a lot of money but

1711
01:00:02,230 --> 01:00:00,880
you know in in terms of doing this it's

1712
01:00:04,069 --> 01:00:02,240
not a lot of money and it's barely

1713
01:00:05,670 --> 01:00:04,079
sufficient we need to to make sure that

1714
01:00:07,430 --> 01:00:05,680
you know we don't

1715
01:00:09,109 --> 01:00:07,440
piece part these things out so that we

1716
01:00:10,390 --> 01:00:09,119
whittle those those funds down to where

1717
01:00:12,630 --> 01:00:10,400
we can't actually develop the

1718
01:00:14,390 --> 01:00:12,640
capabilities so as far as you know the

1719
01:00:16,950 --> 01:00:14,400
crew rescue module or

1720
01:00:19,589 --> 01:00:16,960
other science activities or other uh

1721
01:00:21,190 --> 01:00:19,599
flagship missions you know let's let's

1722
01:00:23,670 --> 01:00:21,200
keep those budgets away and make sure

1723
01:00:25,910 --> 01:00:23,680
that we have this program solid on solid

1724
01:00:28,710 --> 01:00:25,920
footing to to give us that independent

1725
01:00:29,670 --> 01:00:28,720
access in space we're still over time

1726
01:00:31,030 --> 01:00:29,680
but we're going to go just a little bit

1727
01:00:32,390 --> 01:00:31,040
longer just because we got to get here

1728
01:00:33,829 --> 01:00:32,400
for just a little bit yeah okay

1729
01:00:35,670 --> 01:00:33,839
districts let's run the interwebs all

1730
01:00:37,829 --> 01:00:35,680
right go ahead question uh i'm a

1731
01:00:39,510 --> 01:00:37,839
professor up at amy riddle and a lot of

1732
01:00:41,349 --> 01:00:39,520
my students already state your name so

1733
01:00:43,349 --> 01:00:41,359
uh jason kring and i'm a professor at

1734
01:00:45,430 --> 01:00:43,359
emirate aeronautical university

1735
01:00:46,950 --> 01:00:45,440
uh we teach courses and a lot of the

1736
01:00:48,230 --> 01:00:46,960
students already enthusiastic about

1737
01:00:50,789 --> 01:00:48,240
space

1738
01:00:52,950 --> 01:00:50,799
but for the larger population you see

1739
01:00:55,510 --> 01:00:52,960
iss as being a great opportunity to

1740
01:00:56,710 --> 01:00:55,520
bring more the general population and

1741
01:00:58,710 --> 01:00:56,720
tom the stuff you're talking about with

1742
01:01:00,630 --> 01:00:58,720
the uh the research there that's

1743
01:01:02,710 --> 01:01:00,640
fascinating but i think a lot of times

1744
01:01:04,710 --> 01:01:02,720
scientists are not good and you're not

1745
01:01:06,549 --> 01:01:04,720
one of the i'm including in this group

1746
01:01:08,390 --> 01:01:06,559
that are not good about explaining

1747
01:01:09,670 --> 01:01:08,400
what's really going on in a way that

1748
01:01:11,270 --> 01:01:09,680
someone sitting at home can say well

1749
01:01:12,470 --> 01:01:11,280
damn that's exciting

1750
01:01:13,910 --> 01:01:12,480
so it

1751
01:01:15,829 --> 01:01:13,920
made its quick points about how we can

1752
01:01:17,750 --> 01:01:15,839
use iss as a way to get the general

1753
01:01:19,990 --> 01:01:17,760
population and particularly students to

1754
01:01:21,589 --> 01:01:20,000
say as you did there's people living up

1755
01:01:23,829 --> 01:01:21,599
in space right now but we don't really

1756
01:01:25,589 --> 01:01:23,839
think about it it's another space flight

1757
01:01:27,349 --> 01:01:25,599
mission another shuttle mission

1758
01:01:28,630 --> 01:01:27,359
the general public uh a lot of the

1759
01:01:30,870 --> 01:01:28,640
people i talked to it's just kind of

1760
01:01:32,069 --> 01:01:30,880
like well we're going on up there so

1761
01:01:33,349 --> 01:01:32,079
thoughts on that

1762
01:01:34,950 --> 01:01:33,359
i don't want to be the full answer on

1763
01:01:37,349 --> 01:01:34,960
this but i will tell you one thing is

1764
01:01:39,910 --> 01:01:37,359
it's an agency nasa is it's not a

1765
01:01:42,710 --> 01:01:39,920
department a department like like the

1766
01:01:44,390 --> 01:01:42,720
army can pay for uh cars to go around a

1767
01:01:47,430 --> 01:01:44,400
nascar track for four and a half hours

1768
01:01:49,829 --> 01:01:47,440
with their name on it nasa cannot so it

1769
01:01:52,150 --> 01:01:49,839
can't pay for someone to go as an

1770
01:01:54,309 --> 01:01:52,160
advertising agency to go out and exploit

1771
01:01:56,069 --> 01:01:54,319
this and they use their own engineers

1772
01:01:58,230 --> 01:01:56,079
and their own scientists to do the best

1773
01:02:00,150 --> 01:01:58,240
they can and they do they're just not

1774
01:02:02,230 --> 01:02:00,160
trained to do that and they don't have

1775
01:02:04,670 --> 01:02:02,240
the budget and nor does congress give

1776
01:02:06,470 --> 01:02:04,680
them the ability to pay for

1777
01:02:08,150 --> 01:02:06,480
self-exploitation like they i believe

1778
01:02:10,390 --> 01:02:08,160
they should have they that's a that's a

1779
01:02:12,630 --> 01:02:10,400
cinch they ask that you know 10 or 20

1780
01:02:14,710 --> 01:02:12,640
million bucks a year

1781
01:02:16,309 --> 01:02:14,720
sure

1782
01:02:18,630 --> 01:02:16,319
they do the best they can they're not

1783
01:02:20,390 --> 01:02:18,640
trained to you get a guy like miles over

1784
01:02:22,950 --> 01:02:20,400
here and put him in front of that and

1785
01:02:24,150 --> 01:02:22,960
he'll go set me up you know i know

1786
01:02:25,349 --> 01:02:24,160
you'll get the hair on your back you

1787
01:02:27,109 --> 01:02:25,359
know

1788
01:02:29,190 --> 01:02:27,119
let me just add one thing when we have

1789
01:02:31,829 --> 01:02:29,200
private companies able to put people in

1790
01:02:33,190 --> 01:02:31,839
space they'll be hiring people for as

1791
01:02:34,549 --> 01:02:33,200
astronauts and pilots and they'll be

1792
01:02:36,549 --> 01:02:34,559
advertising and they'll be able to put

1793
01:02:37,510 --> 01:02:36,559
the coca-cola logo you know on what

1794
01:02:39,510 --> 01:02:37,520
they're doing and they'll be able to

1795
01:02:41,029 --> 01:02:39,520
make you know movies in space and all

1796
01:02:42,470 --> 01:02:41,039
those other things

1797
01:02:44,470 --> 01:02:42,480
that you're actually prohibited to have

1798
01:02:46,150 --> 01:02:44,480
nasa employees doing

1799
01:02:47,750 --> 01:02:46,160
on the space station so

1800
01:02:49,029 --> 01:02:47,760
having the private sector involved in a

1801
01:02:50,710 --> 01:02:49,039
different way than it has been in the

1802
01:02:52,549 --> 01:02:50,720
past opens up a whole bunch of

1803
01:02:54,150 --> 01:02:52,559
possibilities brings marketing with it

1804
01:02:55,190 --> 01:02:54,160
all right i'm really way over time but

1805
01:02:56,549 --> 01:02:55,200
i'll tell you what let's take one more

1806
01:02:58,069 --> 01:02:56,559
state your name quickly and then we're

1807
01:03:00,390 --> 01:02:58,079
going to before getting deep trouble

1808
01:03:01,829 --> 01:03:00,400
from interest

1809
01:03:04,230 --> 01:03:01,839
under the current configuration there's

1810
01:03:05,589 --> 01:03:04,240
only like two pmas on

1811
01:03:06,470 --> 01:03:05,599
station currently right now is that

1812
01:03:07,990 --> 01:03:06,480
correct

1813
01:03:08,950 --> 01:03:08,000
these are docking ports docking boards

1814
01:03:10,789 --> 01:03:08,960
right

1815
01:03:12,470 --> 01:03:10,799
so if a cev were to be a test would that

1816
01:03:14,789 --> 01:03:12,480
utilize one of those ports not

1817
01:03:17,190 --> 01:03:14,799
necessarily we could use the cbms

1818
01:03:18,710 --> 01:03:17,200
okay so you could add some configuration

1819
01:03:20,870 --> 01:03:18,720
change to allow for other people to come

1820
01:03:24,630 --> 01:03:20,880
in yes common birthing mechanism by the

1821
01:03:29,750 --> 01:03:27,589
well right now htv the the japanese

1822
01:03:31,750 --> 01:03:29,760
module and the europe the japanese

1823
01:03:33,670 --> 01:03:31,760
module comes up to station and is

1824
01:03:35,510 --> 01:03:33,680
birthed what that means is grabbed with

1825
01:03:36,309 --> 01:03:35,520
an arm and put onto what would normally

1826
01:03:37,510 --> 01:03:36,319
be a

1827
01:03:39,990 --> 01:03:37,520
another

1828
01:03:42,710 --> 01:03:40,000
module's port common birthing mechanism

1829
01:03:44,470 --> 01:03:42,720
built by boeing and uh it is not a

1830
01:03:46,710 --> 01:03:44,480
docking system it's not one a spacecraft

1831
01:03:49,190 --> 01:03:46,720
can just fly into

1832
01:03:51,109 --> 01:03:49,200
uh so and that's one way

1833
01:03:52,710 --> 01:03:51,119
for a vehicle to come to the station

1834
01:03:55,510 --> 01:03:52,720
it's not the way you'd bring crew to the

1835
01:03:57,510 --> 01:03:55,520
station because it needs to it's too

1836
01:03:59,510 --> 01:03:57,520
dependent on the arm that's bringing you

1837
01:04:01,670 --> 01:03:59,520
in but it's definitely a way you can

1838
01:04:03,750 --> 01:04:01,680
leave the station

1839
01:04:07,029 --> 01:04:03,760
so those ports for a lifeboat so the

1840
01:04:09,029 --> 01:04:07,039
lifeboat plan could use the cbm as a

1841
01:04:11,190 --> 01:04:09,039
port i believe

1842
01:04:12,150 --> 01:04:11,200
all right i'm sorry we got to end it

1843
01:04:13,349 --> 01:04:12,160
i wish we could take a few more

1844
01:04:15,990 --> 01:04:13,359
questions so thank you very much for